THE MUSCLES I15 



(210) Rectus capitis posterior medius, cranial end of axial 

 spine to occipital bone; raises snout. 



(211) Rectus capitis posterior minor, dorsal arch of atlas to 

 occipital bone; raises snout. 



(212) Levator costarum, transverse processes -of thoracic 

 vertebrae to angle of rib caudad of origin; continuous with 

 external intercostals; pulls ribs dorsocraniad. 



MUSCLES VENTRAL TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN 



(213) Diaphragm, muscle fibres run radially from wall to 

 central (semilunar) tendon; the vertebral portion of the muscular 

 part arises from the second to fourth lumbar vertebrae, while 

 the sternocostal part arises from the xiphoid process and the 

 last five ribs. 



(214) Psoas minor, last one or two thoracic and first three 

 of four lumbar vertebrae to the iliopectineal line craniad of 

 acetabulum; flexes back. 



(215) Quadratus lumborum, last tw^o thoracic vertebrae 

 and last rib to anterior inferior spine of ilium, rests on ventral 

 surface of transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; bends 

 vertebral column sideways. 



(216) Iliocaudalis, ventral half of medial surface of ilium of 

 caudal vertebra. Flexor of tail. 



(217) Levator ani (pubiocaudalis) symphysis of pelvis to 

 third, fourth and fifth caudal vertebrae. Frequently continuous 

 with iliocaudalis. Flexor of tail and compresses rectum. 



(218) Abductor caudae internus {Coccygeus) spine of ischium 

 to second, third and fourth caudal vertebrae. Flexor of tail. 



(219) Flexor caudae longus, last lumbar vertebra, sacrum 

 and caudal vertebrae to ventral surface of tail; flexor of tail. 



(220) Flexor caudae brevis, first seven or eight caudal verte- 

 brae to ventral surface of caudal vertebrae as far back as the 

 tenth; flexor of tail. 



(221) Abductor caudae externus (coccigis) dorsal border of 

 ilium and dorsal surface of sucrum to caudal vertebrae back 

 to eight or ninth. Bends tail sideways. 



