86 ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY 



four ligaments and the hip-joint only two. In the ankle- 

 joint there are eight ligaments in addition to the capsular. 



These ligaments which bind the joints consist of white 

 fibrous connective tissue which under the microscope is seen 

 to be composed of parallel and interlacing fibers. They are 

 very tough and have but little elasticity, so that the joints are 

 seldom dislocated. 



LABORATORY STUDIES AND SUGGESTIONS 



1. Give three examples of each of the three general classes of joints. 



2. Explain difference in anatomy of the three classes of joints. 



3. Without aid of the microscope can you detect any differences between a 

 ligament and a tendon? 



4. By removing the capsular ligament describe the ligaments that can be 

 displayed on the lateral and caudal aspects of the knee-joint. 



5. After bringing to view by dissection as many ligaments as possible on 

 inner aspect of knee-joint, draw and label all parts. 



6. Draw the menisci. 



7. By careful dissection note the ligaments present in the hip-joint. 



8. How many ligaments can you find in the shoulder-joint? 



9. In what joints is synovia present? 



10. Cut a very thin slice of articular cartilage about a millimeter square, 

 mount in dilute acetic acid, and make drawing as seen under the microscope. 



