THE JOINTS 



85 



osity of the femur to the internal tuberosity of the tibia. The 

 anterior and capsular ligaments must be cut in order to see the 

 (4) crucial ligaments, which are short, and cross each other 

 in the region of the intercondylar 

 notch. The posterior crucial extends 

 from the caudal margin of the head 

 of the tibia to the mediocranial angle 

 of the intercondyloid notch of the 

 femur. The anterior crucial extends 

 from the summit of the tibia to the 

 caudolateral angle of the intercon- 

 dyloid notch. (5) The ligamenta 

 capituli fibulce. These are very 

 short, extending from the head of 

 the fibula to the outer tuberosity of 

 the tibia. In addition to these liga- 

 ments, there are (6) the ligaments 

 of the menisci, four bands uniting the 



ment; ar, articular surface of 

 menisci to the bones. The menisci condyle of tibia; en, condyle 



or semilunar cartilages are two bicon- of/^^J^^ cj capsular ligament 



^ cut along the line Ig and re- 



Cave cartilaginous plates, about one fleeted proximad; ex, external 



.,1. . ,1 • 1 • . 11. lateral ligament; /6, fibula; /w, 



millimeter thick, interposed between femur; in, internal lateral liga- 



the condyles of the femur and tibia. ??^"^' ^^' ^^^ ^"^^^ ^.^ capsular 



ligament; pc, posterior crucial 

 The synovial membrane is a very ligament; pi, posterior external 



thin transparent sheet lying within ^'^""^"^' °^ '^' meniscus; sm. 



OF 



Fig. 47. — Caudal Aspect 

 Knee-joint with Cap- 

 sular Ligament Cut. 



ac. Anterior crucial liga- 



the capsular sheath of the joint. 



medial or internal meniscus; 



Jl^ snie, lateral or internal menis- 



, , , • r ^'^^i ^f' liga^nients of the head 



secretes the white glairy synovia for of the fibula; tb, tibia. 

 lubricating the joint. The synovial 



fluid and membrane may be demonstrated by cutting open a 

 fresh joint obtained from the butcher-shop (Fig. 45). 



All other freely movable joints are similar in structure to 

 the knee-joint, but have no menisci and fewer ligaments. 

 The shoulder-joint has only two or three ligaments, the most 

 important of which is the capsular. The elbow-joint has 



