144 ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY 



on the ventro-lateral surface of the eye-ball. It may be seen 

 by cutting away the zygomatic arch and the masseter muscle. 

 From near the ventral angle of the gland a duct leads to the 

 roof of the mouth posterior to the molar tooth. 



The liver (hepar) is the largest gland in the body and is 

 situated immediately caudad of the diaphragm (Fig. 56), and 

 in contact with the right lateral and cranial surfaces of the 

 stomach. It is strongly convex on its cranial aspect while its 

 opposite surface presents a deep concavity occupied by the 

 stomach. Several deep incisions named fissures divide the 

 liver into five parts called lohes. The falciform or suspensory 

 ligament which is a fold of peritoneum joins the liver to the 

 diaphragm and extends into the large median fissure known as 

 the umbilical notch because during fetal life it shelters the vein 

 leading through the umbilical cord to receive nourishment from 

 the mother. 



On the right side of the body from the umbilical notch is 

 the large right median lobe enfolding the gall bladder. On the 

 other side of the notch is a small left median lobe and a much 

 larger left lateral lobe. The right lateral lobe is dorsal of the 

 right median lobe, and is divided into two parts by a deep 

 cleft. A fifth lobe known as the Spigelian or caudate lobe is a 

 small triangular portion of the liver connected to the base of 

 the right lateral lobe and lying between the neck of the gall 

 bladder and the end of the stomach joining the esophagus. 



The bile secreted by the liver passes through the several 

 ducts from the various lobes, to the main hepatic duct, which 

 may be seen by cutting away the liver from the right side of 

 the gall-cyst, and carefully picking off the peritoneum ensheath- 

 ing the vessels between the Spigelian lobe and the cystic duct. 

 The latter is somewhat convoluted in its course from the deeply 

 imbedded end of the cyst, to a point on the duodenum about 

 three centimeters from the pylorus. The main hepatic duct 

 joins the cystic duct (Fig. 66) near its middle. The common 

 duct thus formed is known as the common bile duct. When the 



