48 



HANDBOOK OF Pm-SIOLOGY 



NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1 



fXi^*^:\m^.l 



FIG. 34. Gustav Fritsch and Edouard Hitzig. (Photographs 

 reproduced by kind permission of Dr. A. E. Walker, for whom 

 Professor Stender of Berlin obtained the picture of Hitzig.) 



Ferrier (276-278), a few years later, in a long series 

 of experiments using faradic stimulation in monkeys 

 was able to bring out not merely muscle twitches of an 

 indeterminate kind but also grosser movements. Of 

 course, as we now know, these are imprecise and even 

 athetoid in comparison with movements made by the 

 animal naturally. Benefitting from the parallel devel- 

 opment of electrical techniques, Victor Horsley, in a 

 series of papers with Beevor (279, 280) in the next 

 decade, described more closely the motor areas in the 

 monkey cortex. From these experiments there emerged 

 the designation of the precentral gyrus as predomi- 

 nantly motor in function and the postcentral as sen- 

 sory. Between the two, Beevor & Horsley (281, 



^76. Ferrier, David (1843-1928). The localization of function 

 in the brain. Proc. Roy. Soc. 22: 229, 1873-4. 



277. Ferrier, D. Experiments on the brain of monkeys. P/ut. 

 Trans. 165:433, 1876. 



278. Ferrier, D. The Function of Ihf Brain. London Smith 

 Elder, 1876. 



279. Beevor, C. E. and V. Horsley. A minute analysis (ex- 

 perimental) of the various movements produced by stim- 

 ulating in the monkey different regions of the cortical 

 centre for the upper limb as defined by Professor Ferrier. 

 Phil. Trans. 178: 153, 1887. 



280. Beevor, C. E. and V. Horsley. A further minute analy- 

 sis by electrical stimulation of the so-called motor region 

 (facial area) of the cortex cerebri in the monkey. Phil. 

 Trans. 185: 39, 1894. 



281. Beevor, C. E. and V. Horsley. An experimental in- 

 vestigation into the arrangement of the excitable fibres of 



282) recognized an area which they called 'the zone 

 of confusion.' An important point that emerged from 

 their use of this technique was that in addition to areas 

 of maximal representation of a given movement, the 

 cortex also has marginal zones that are less specific. 

 In other words, they found no sharp demarcation 

 lines. 



With Schaefer (283), Horsley went on to further 

 studies of both motor and sensory function, using 

 ablation as well as electrical excitation. The basic 

 interest was of course in the application of these find- 

 ings to man, especially in the light of the observations 

 of Hughlings Jackson on the march of symptoms 

 during the epileptic fit (284). Species differences 

 came markedly to light when Beevor & Horsley 

 compared their findings on the bonnet monkey with 

 those in the orangutan. The first pioneers to attempt 

 electrical stimulation of the cortex in man (through 

 holes in the skull) were Bartholow in America in 

 1874 (285) and Sciamanna 8 years later in Italy (286). 

 These were followed by Keen (287), in his youth an 

 army surgeon in the American Civil War and later 

 professor of surgery at Jefferson Medical College. In 

 1888, in a patient whose seizures began in the hand, 

 he removed the area the stimulation of which caused 

 movements of the wrist. He used a 'faradic battery,' 

 and with it found areas for hand, elbow, shoulder 

 and face movements. When respiration and circula- 

 tion became poor, he revived the patient with brandy 

 injected into the forearm. In the same year several 

 other workers applied a similar technique in man but 



the internal capsule of the bonnet monkey. Pliil. Trans. 

 181 : 49, 1890. 



282. Beevor, C. E. and V. Horsley. A record of the results 

 obtained by electrical excitation of the so-called motor 

 cortex and internal capsule in the orang-utang. Phil. 

 Trans. i8i : 129, i8go. 



283. Horsley, V. and Edward Albert Schaefer (1850- 

 1935). A record of experiments upon the functions of the 

 cerebral cortex. Phil. Trans. 179: i, 1888. 



284. Jackson, John Hughlings (1835-191 i). Unilateral 

 epileptiform seizures, attended by temporary defect of 

 sight. Med. Times Gaz. I : 588, 1863. 



285. Bartholow, Roberts (1831-1904). Experimental in- 

 vestigations into the functions of the human brain. .Im. 

 J. M.&. 67:305, 1874. 



286. Sciamanna, E. Gli avversari delle localizzazioni cercbrali. 

 Arch, psichiat. Turin 3: 209, 1882. 



287. Keen, William Williams (1837-1932). Three successful 

 cases of cerebral surgery including (i) The removal of a 

 large intracranial fibroma; (2) Exsection of damaged 

 brain tissue; and (3) Exsection of the cerebral centre for 

 the left hand; with remarks on the general technique of 

 such operations. Am. J. M. Sc. 96; 329, 452, 1888. 



