584 



HANDBOOK t5F PHYSIOLOGY ^' NEUROPHYSIOLOGY I 



obviously transmitted in the form of time differences 

 between volleys of impulses. In binaural localization 

 the volleys in homologous nerve fibers are the impor- 

 tant ones. The very small time differences that are 

 known to suffice show that there is a statistical con- 

 stancy in latencies, conduction times, etc., that is 

 remarkable in view of the variability in the behavior 

 of the individual unit. Here, as in fine discrimations 

 in general, more time is required, often with repeated 



trials, for the best performance. The longer time al- 

 lows for more complete averaging out of minor vari- 

 abilities. This averaging out is primarily a function of 

 the central nervous system rather than the sense 

 organ. For frequency it allows very fine discrimination 

 when ample time is allowed or, alternatively, good 

 discrimination of time but with reduced discrimina- 

 tion for pitch when the duration of the stimulus is 

 verv short. 



REFERENCES'* 



1. Barany, E. Acta oto-taryng. Suppl. 26, 1938. 



2. Davis, H. (editor). Hearing and Deafness: A Guide for Lay- 

 men. New York: Rinehart, 1947. 



3. Davis, H. In: Physiological Triggers and Disconlinuous Rate 

 Processes, edited by T. H. Bullock. Washington : American 

 Physiological Society, 1957. 



4. Davis, H. Physiol. Ret'. 37: i, 1957. 



5. Davis, H., R. W. Benson, W. P. Covell, C. Fernandez, 

 R. Goldstein, Y. Katsuki, J. -P. Legouix, D. R. Mc- 

 AuLiFFE AND I. Tasaki. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25: 1 180, 1953. 



6. Davis, H., B. H. Deather.\ge, B. Rosenblut, C. Fer- 

 N.^NDEZ, R. Kimura AND C. .\. Smith. Laryngoscope. 68: 

 596, 1958. 



7. G.-iLAMBOs, R. J. Meurophysiol. 19: 424, 1956. 



8. LicKLiDER, J. C. R. Experientia 7: 128, 1951. 



9. LicKLiDER, J. C. R. In: Handbook oj Experimental Psy- 

 chology, edited by S. S. Stevens. New York: Wiley, 1951. 



10. SnaxH, C. A., O. H. Lowrv and M.-L. Wu. Laryngoscope 

 64: 141. 1954- 



11. Stevens, S. S. and H. Davis. Hearing, Its Psychology and 

 Physiology. New York : Wiley, 1 938. 



12. Stevens, S. S., J. G. C. Loring and D. Cohen (editors). 

 Bibliography on Hearing. Cambridge : Harvard, 1 955. 



13. Stuhlman, O. In: An Introduction to Biophysics. New York: 

 Wiley, 1943. 



14. Tasaki, I. J. .Veurophysiol. 17: 97, 1954. 



15. Tasaki, I. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 19: 417, 1957. 



16. Tasaki, I., H. Davis and D. H. Eldredoe. J. Acoust. Soc. 

 Am. 26: 765, 1954. 



17. Tasaki, I., H. Davis and J. -P. Legoui.x. J. Acoust. Soc. 

 Am. 24: 502, 1952. 



18. von Bekesv, G. Akust. ^tschr. 6: i, 1941. 



19 von Bekesv, G. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 19: 452, 1947. 

 iga.voN Bekesv, G. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25: 786, 1953. 



20. VON Bekesv, G. Ann. Otol. Rhin. & Laryng. 63 : 448, 1 954. 



21. von Bekesv, G. Science 123: 779, 1956. 



22. VON Bekesv, G. and W. .\. Rosenblith. In: Handbook of 

 Experimental Psychology, edited by S. S. Stevens. New York : 

 Wiley, 1 95 1. 



23. Wever, E. G. Theory of Hearing. New York: Wiley, 1949. 



24. Wever, E. G. and M. Lawrence. Physiological Acomtics. 

 Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1954. 



25. ZwisLOCKi, J. Acta oto-laryng. Suppl. 72: i, 1948. 



26. Zv\tslocki, J. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25: 743, 1953. 



'' Only general references, a few key papers, and the sources 

 of the figures reproduced in this chapter axe given. Fairly com- 

 plete bibliographies will be found in references (4) and (12). 



