STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRATES 353 



The brain was nearly fifty per cent larger than that of the max- 

 imum for the gorilla, but smaller than that of even the Austral- 

 ian bushman. If, on the other hand, the brain of the white 

 race is used as the standard for comparison, with an average 

 brain weight of forty-eight ounces. Pithecanthropus lies about 

 lialfway between the gorilla and man. 



The other physical characteristics of the "apeman of Java" 

 are equally primitive. The femur shows that the race walked 

 w^ith knees bent, but that they stood in an erect position, not 

 ivith the knuckles on the ground as do the higher anthropoids. 

 The face and teeth protruded, the facial angle being more primi- 

 tive than that of the bushman. With this projecting face there 

 were heavy ridges over the eyes and a receding forehead, giving 

 the race an ape-like appearance. Pithecanthropus is considered 

 a specialized branch from the human stem, not the ancestral 

 stock of the present humans. 



Another recent find is the skull of Sinanthropus from China. 

 It is the remains of a distinct human, although considered as 

 too far removed from the present races of man to be included in 

 the same genus. The Piltdown man, which is known from frag- 

 ments of a skull and a jaw found in England in 1913, has a 

 larger brain case than Sinanthropus, but shows highly special- 

 ized characters. The jaw is powerful, with large canines, and 

 slopes directly back from the base of the teeth instead of having 

 a protruding point as in the typical human. These characteris- 

 tics are distinctly ape-like. It appears from the evidence that 

 Sinanthropus lies nearer the human stem than does the Piltdown 

 man (Eoanthropus), the latter belonging to a specialized race 

 which has entirely disappeared. 



In the middle of the last century the fragments of a primi- 

 tive skeleton were discovered in Germany and placed in the 

 same genus with the present race but in a different species. It 

 was named from the valley in which it was found. Homo nean- 

 derthalensis. Since that time bones and even entire skeletons 

 have been found in different parts of Europe and Asia Elinor, 

 showing that the race extended from Germany to Spain, and 

 eastward to the Sea of Galilee. Associated with the fossils in 

 caves and other excavations have been found crude chipped 



