253 



253 

 253 

 256 

 259 

 261 

 262 

 264 

 267 



271 

 274 

 275 

 278 

 280 

 280 



282 



9. The Viscera 



THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES 



Mammals: Embryological development 



Reptiles: Lizard and Sphenodon, Alligator, Turtle 



General observations on tetrapods 



Bird: Embryological development 



Amphibians: Embryological development 



Choanate fishes: Actinistian, Dipnoan 



Actinopterygians: Teleost, Polypterus, Acipenser and 



Polyodon, Amia and Lepisosteus, Embryological 



development in actinopterygians 



Chondrichthyes: Shark, Holocephalan 



General observations on gnathostome fishes 



Cyclostomes: Lamprey, Myxinid 



General observations on fishes 

 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 



Lungs: Mammals, Reptiles, Birds, Amphibians, 

 Embryological development in reptiles and 

 amphibians 



Swim bladder: Actinistia, Dipnoan, Teleost, Amia, 

 Lepisosteus, Acipenser, Polypterus, Other 

 gnathostome fishes, Cyclostomes, General 

 observations 



Gills: Amphibians, Choanate fishes, Actinopterygian 286 

 fishes, Chondrichthyes, Fossil gnathostome fishes, 

 Cyclostomes, Fossil agnaths. General observations 

 Body surface 290 



RESUME 290 



10. The Urogenital System 291 



THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM 291 



Mammals: Embryological development 291 



Reptiles and birds: Embryological development: 296 

 reptile, Embryological development: bird 



Amphibians: Salamander, Frog 299 



Choanate fishes: Actinistian, Dipnoan 303 



Actinopterygian: Teleost, Polypterus, Acipenser, 304 

 Amia and Lepisosteus, General observations 



Chondrichthyes: Shark, Holocephalan, General 310 

 observations 



Cyclostomes: Lamprey, Myxinid, Fossil agnaths, 313 

 General observations 



General observations on the excretory system 318 



THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 318 



Mammals: The male. The female 318 



Reptiles and birds: The male, The female 323 



Amphibians: The male. The female, General 325 

 observations 



Choonates: Actinistian, Dipnoan 327 



Actinopterygians: Teleost, Polypterus, Amia and 



Lepisosteus, Acipenser, General observations 



Chondrichthyes: Shark, Holocephalan, General 



observations 



Cyclostomes: Lamprey, Myxinid, General 



observations on cyclostomes 



General observations on the reproductive system 



H. The Circulatonj System 



THE HEART 

 Mammals 



Reptiles: Embryological development 

 Amphibians: Embryological development 



Choanate fishes 



Actinopterygian fishes 



Chondrichthyes 



Agnaths 



General observations on the heart 

 THE AORTIC ARCHES 



Mammals 



Reptiles and birds 



Amphibians 



Choanate fishes 



Actinopterygian fishes 



Chondrichthyes 



Cyclostome fishes 



General observations on the aortic arches 

 CIRCULATION IN THE HEAD 



Arteries: Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, 



Choanate fishes, Actinopterygian fishes, 



Chondrichthyes, Cyclostomes, General observations 



on head arteries 



Veins: Mammals, Reptiles, Bird, Amphibians, 



Choanate fishes, Actinopterygian fishes, 



Chondrichthyes, Cyclostomes, General observations 

 CIRCULATION IN THE BODY 



Arteries: Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes 



Veins: Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Choanate 



fishes, Actinopterygian fishes, Chondrichthyes, 



Cyclostomes 

 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 

 BLOOD 



Comparative hematology 



General observations 

 THE LYMPHATICS 



12. The Endocrine Glands 



329 

 333 

 335 

 337 



339 



339 



339 



341 



343 



344 



345 



345 



345 



345 



347 



347 



347 



349 



350 



350 



350 



351 



353 



354 



354 



360 



366 

 366 

 368 



THE PITUITARY 

 THE THYROID 



376 

 377 

 377 

 378 

 378 



379 



379 

 379 



