Actinopterygian or ray-fmned fishes: Teleost, 



Palaeoniscoid, Relationships among 



actinopterygians, Relationship with the choanates 



Chondrichthyes: Sharks, Holocephalan or chimaerid 



Acanthodians: General observations 



Arthorodires: Euarthrodire, Antiarch, General 



observations 



Interrelationships at the base of the gnathostome 



fishes 

 AGNATH FISHES 



Cyclostomes: Lamprey, Hagfish 



Fossil agnaths: Osteostracans, Anaspid, 



Heterostracan, General observations. Evolution of 



the agnaths 

 RESUME OF THE HEAD SKELETON 



6. The Vertebrate Body Skeleton 



THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN 



Mammals: Enibryological development. General 



observations 



Reptiles and bird: Alligator, Lizard, Tuatara, Bird, 



Fossil reptiles and amphibians 



Amphibians: Salamander, Frog, Enibryological 



development. General observations 



Choanate Fishes: Dipnoan, Actinistian, Rhipidistian 



Actinopterygian fishes: Teleost, Amia, Lepisosteus, 



Acipenser, the sturgeon, Palaeoniscoid 



Chondrichthyes and agnaths: Shark, Holocephalan 



General observations on vertebrae 

 MEDIAN FINS 



Dorsal and anal fins 



Caudal Tin 

 BILATERAL APPENDAGES 



Mammal: Pectoral appendage. Pelvic appendage 



Reptile and bird: Pectoral appendage. Pelvic 



appendage 



Amphibia: Pectoral appendage. Pelvic appendage. 



General observations 



Choanate fishes: Pectoral appendage, Pelvic 



appendage 



Actinopterygian fishes: Pectoral appendage. Pelvic 



appendage 



Chondrichthyes: Pectoral appendage. Pelvic 



appendage 



Other fishes 

 RIBS AND STERNUM 

 RESUME OF THE BODY SKELETON 



7. Embryogenesis of the Chordates 



THE EGG 



140 



141 



141 

 141 



144 



151 



155 

 158 



163 

 166 

 166 

 167 

 168 

 171 

 171 

 173 



177 



179 



181 



182 



184 

 187 

 191 



193 

 193 



8. The Skin and its Deriuatiues 



217 



SKIN 217 



Mammals 218 



Reptiles 221 



Bird 221 



Amphibians 222 



Choanate fishes 224 



Actinopterygian fishes 225 



Chondrichthyes 226 



Cyclostomes 226 



SCALES 226 

 Structural materials of the scales: Enamel, Dentine, 226 

 Bone 



Agnaths 229 



Arthrodires: Euarthrodire, Antiarch 230 



Acanlhodian 233 



Chondrichthyes: General observations 233 

 Actinopterygian fishes: Ganoid scale, Polypterus, 234 

 Chondrostean, Holostean, Teleost, Choanate fishes, 

 Amphibians, General observations 



FIN RAYS: Embryological development. General 240 

 observations 



TEETH 242 



Structure and origin of mammalian teeth: 243 

 Embryological development 



Agnath 245 



Early gnathostome fishes 246 



Chondrichthyes 246 



Actinopterygians 248 



Choanate fishes 248 



Amphibians 248 



Reptiles 249 



Mammals 251 



RESUME 252 



