carotid foramen 

 dermal petrosal 

 ethmoid foramen 

 orbitonasal foramen 



cribriform plate 



prootic canal 



ethmoid turbinol ^ 

 nasal turbinal 

 maxillary turbinal 



sphenopalatine foramen 



palatine 

 sphenoidal sinus 



anterior lacerate fissure 

 facial canal 



endolymphatic foramen 

 jugular foramen 



nternol auditory meatus 

 ectopterygoid 



pterygoid canal 



vascular foramen 

 ethmoid foramen 



orbitonasal 



foramen 



lacrimo 

 cono 



sphenopalatine 



foramen 



squamosal (dashed outline) 



temporal canal 



pterygoid canal 



optic-orbital fissure 



II, III, IV, V,, V,, VI 



jugular foramen 

 stylomastoid foramen primitivum 

 fenestra vestibuli 

 venous-facial canal 

 foramen ovale 

 bosisphenoid 



nasal turbinal 

 lacrimal canal 

 infraorbital canal 



maxiilofocialis foramen 



i— nasal septum 

 \ maxillary turbinal 



supraoccipital 



oarietol 



jugular foramen 

 f' basioccipital 



ethmoid turbinal 

 taenia clinorbitolis 



carotid foramen 



temporal conol^ 



nternal auditory meatus 



stylomostoid foramen 



. I primitivum 



ectopterygoid 



endolymphatic foramen 

 foramen magnum 



cribriform plate 

 orbitonasal 



ethmoid 



foramen 



optic-orbital 



fissure 



foramen 

 ovale 



prootic 

 canal 



ugular foramen 



Figure 3-10. Skull of Echidna (rocfiyg/ossus). A, medial view of right fialf of skull; B, lateral view 

 of cranium witfi tfie zygomatic arcfi cut away; C, rear view of skull; D, dorsal view with roof of cranium 

 and roof of nasal passage on left side removed. 



50 • OSTEOLOGY AND THE MAMMALIAN HEAD SKELETON 



