Carboniferous, 63 

 Carcharius, 286, 334, 422 

 Cardiac muscle, 420 

 Cardinals, see specific names 

 Carella, 22, 66 

 Carotid arch, 343 

 Carotid body, 349, 357 

 Carotid canal, 40, 354 

 Carotid duct, 347 

 Carotid gland, see carotid body 

 Carotid rete, 354 

 Carpals, 171, 172 

 Carnassial tooth, 39 

 Carnivores, 22, 37, 212, 291 

 Cartilaginous fishes, see Chondrichthyes 

 Cartilaginous semirings, 280 

 Cat (Fells), 22, 37, 171, 253, 254, 291, 323, 

 423 



arteries, 34S 



head skeleton, 38 

 development, 57 



muscles, eye, 423 



fore limb, 425, 426, 427 

 hind limb, 429, 430, 431 



vertebrae, 141, 142 

 Catastomus. swim bladder, 285 



Webberian ossicles, 410 

 Catastrophy theory, 2 

 Caudal artery, 9, 143 

 Caudal fin, 23, 166, 168, 170 

 Caudal flukes of whale, 166 

 Caudal heart, 375, 376 

 Caudal lobe of body, 23 

 Caudal sclerotomite, 143 

 Caudal vein, 9, 143 



Caudal vertebrae, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147 

 149 



number, 145, 148, 149, 153 

 Cavernous sinuses, 354, 361 

 Cavo-duodenal ligament, 253 

 Cementum, 243 

 Cenozoic, 62 

 Central canal, 302, 318 

 Central cavities, 280 

 Central retinal artery, 404 

 Central (blood) sinus, 14, 16 

 Centrale, 172, 173, 181 

 Centrolecithal, 193 

 Centrum, 141, 142, 143, 147, 192 



blastema of. 144 



chondrification, 148 

 Cephalaspis, cephalaspid, 19, 30, 31, 240 



armor, 231 



external appearance, 30 

 Cephalerpelon, 88, 151 

 Cephalic flexure, 383 

 Cephalochordata, 5, 19, 291 

 Cephalodtscus. 12, 14, 16, 19 

 Ceratobranchials, 41, 53, 64, 69, 80, 96, 



107, 119 

 Ceratohyal, 41, 53, 64, 80, 99, 119, 122 



anterior and posterior, 95, 107 

 Ceratotrichia, 240, 242 

 Cere of bird, 28 

 Cerebellar fossa, 41 

 Cerebellum, 385 

 Cerebral fenestrae, 108 



Cerebral fossa, 40 



Cerebral lobes, 383 



Cervical air sac, 281 



Cervical (or nuchal) flexure, 383 



Cervical vertebrae, 141, 142 



number, 141, 145, 146, 147, 149 

 Cervix, 321 

 Cervus, horn, 220 

 Chalaza, 201 

 Chalcides, 2 1 1 

 Challenger Expedition, 14 

 Chameleon, 281 



ChampsosauTus, anterior vertebrae, 146 

 Characids, 381 



Cheiridium, see cheiropterygian 

 CharoUpis, 20, 33, 1 12, 1 14, 234, 235 



external appearance, 32 

 Chciropterygium, 180 

 Chdimia, 61, 297 

 Chelydra, 22, 69 

 Chick ( Callus), see bird, 



development, 201,202 



egg, 194 



embryo vascular system, 355 



head skeleton, 75, 77, 78 



vertebrae, 146 

 Chimaerid (Chimaera), see Holocephalan, 

 Hydrolagus, 20, 23, 123, 170, 353, 402, 

 414 

 Chimpanzee, 292 

 Chirodipterus, 21, 99 



Chlamydoselachm, see Chondrichthyes, 119, 

 167, 170, 183, 351, 358, 360, 380, 412, 

 413,422 

 Chloride-secreting cells, 381 

 Choanate fishes (see also Actinistia. Dipnoi, 

 Crossopterygii ), 21, 104, 188, 192, 240, 

 274, 448 



aortic arches, 350 



arteries, head, 357 



brain, 391 



digestive tract, 264 



external anatomy, 26, 32 



head skeleton. 92 



heart, 344 



kidney, 303 



reproduction system, 327 



sensory-canal system, 416 



skin, 224 



teeth, 248 



vein, body, 370 



vein, head, development, 365 



vertebrae, 155 

 ChimdTtmhelys, 183 

 Chundrificatwn centers, mammal endocranium, 



53 

 Chondrichthyes, chondrichthians (see also 

 Chlanrydoselachus, Sijualus, elasmo- 

 branchs), 23, 24, 170, 192, 274, 382, 

 394 



aortic arches, 289, 350 



arteries, head. 358 



digestive tract, 271, 212,276 



head skeleton. 1 19 



heart, 345 



kidney. 310 



pectoral appendage, 182 



reproductive system, 333 



scales, 233 



sensory-canal system, 411 



skin, 226, 227 



teeth, 246 



veins, head, 365 



veins, body, 372 



venous circulation, development. 372 



vertebrae, 163 

 Chondrocranium (see also head skeleton), 



49,52. 54.55,56, 64, 108 

 Chondrosteans, 20. 24, 25, 382 

 Chorda tympani, 86, 386, 390 

 Chordae tendinae, 340 

 Chorda! corpuscles, 8 

 Chordal rod, 131 

 Chordata (Chordates), 5, 19, 421 

 Chordocentrous, 156 

 Chordoentoderm, 205 

 Chordospondylous, see chordocentrous 

 Chorioid fissure, 404 

 Chorioid plexus. 383 



Chorion, zona pellucida. 193. 198. 199, 203 

 Chromaffin cell, 381 

 Chromatoblast, 223 

 Chromatocyte, 223, 225 

 Chromatophore, 218, 223 

 Chrysemys, 297 

 Ciliary apparatus. 404 

 Ciliary-mucoid feeding. 1 1 

 Ciliary muscles. 405. 420 

 Ciliary fossa of Hatschek, 5 

 Ciliated (coelomic) funnel, 13 



protosome, 14 



tunicate. 1 1 

 Circle of Wills. 354 



Circulation system, protochordate, 8, 8, 10, 

 11, 14, 16 



vertebrates, 339 

 Circumenteric nerve, 16 

 Circumpulpar dentine. 228 

 Circumorbital series (ring) of bones. 105. 125 

 Cirri, amphioxus. 5 

 Clade. 76 

 Cladodus, 183 

 Cladoselache, 183 



external appearance, 31, J/ 



fin base. 188 



pectoral girdle. 188 

 Claspers, 23, 24, 183,334 

 Clavelma, 9, 9, 10, 11, 19 

 Clavicle, 171, 173, 177, 179. 181. 184 

 Clavicular, air sac, 281 

 Clavobrachialis, 424 

 Claws, 218 



bird, 222 

 Cleavage, 194. 195, 199 



equal and unequal, 193 

 Cleithrum. 177, 179, 181. 184 

 Climalius, external appearance, 31 



pectoral fin, 188 

 Clinoid processes, 41, 44 

 Cloaca, 255, 256, 257, 264, 296, 300 

 bladder, 304 

 opening, 23 

 sphincter. 257 

 muscle. 320 



462 • INDEX 



