A SQUALUS > -^^-^cun, Q ^^i^Q^ D THALASSOCHELYS E ALLIGATOR 



B ANGUILLA 



PAVO 



G TACHYGLOSSUS 



H MACROPUS 



I HOMO 



K HYRAX 



L TURSIOPS 



LEPUS 



Figure 9-5. Modifications observed in the shape of the stomach and in its lining in vertebrates. 

 1, cutaneous lining of esophagus; 2, cardiac glands present; 3, gastric glands present; 4, pyloric 

 glands present. (After Pernkopf, 1937) 



M 



cow 



from which a fairly direct course is taken to the cloaca. The 

 cloaca has an anterior chamber (coprodeum) into which 

 the gut opens, and a posterior chamber (urodeum) for the 

 ureters and sex ducts. Between these on the ventral aspect 

 opens the urinary bladder. The region just inside the cloacal 

 sphincter, from which the hemipenes of the male project, is 

 identified as the proctodeum. 



The liver is bilobed; the lobes may be fused ventrally 

 along the ventral septum, the falciform ligament. The gall 

 bladder is large and to the right of the ventral septum. The 

 pancreas is easily observed in the loop formed by the pyloric 

 section of the stomach and the beginning of the small in- 

 testine. In Iguana this gland lies along both the pyloris of the 

 stomach and the duodenum; it ends medially at the duo- 



THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES • 257 



