Bibliography 



A list of references in a text is sometimes viewed as 

 superfluous since many, or most, students do not use it; 

 however, those who do will find the experience informative 

 and stimulating. Comparative morphology has perhaps the 

 most extensive literature of any of the areas of biological 

 study and among its sources are some of the first works in 

 science (see Cole, F. J., "A History of Comparative Anatomy 

 from Aristotle to the Eighteenth Century," London, The 

 Macmillan Co., 1944; or Nordenskiold, E., "The History 

 of Biology: A Survey," New York, Tudor Publishing Co., 

 (1928). One might wonder which is the more interesting: 

 a study of the literature regarding the chordates, or the 

 direct study of the materials. Certainly the student should 

 not separate these two aspects of his study. 



References fall into a number of categories: basic refer- 

 ence works, texts, and articles in periodicals. As sources for 

 any particular subject the student should go to Biological 

 Abstracts, which lists short summaries according to author 

 and subject, and Zoological Record (London), which lists an 

 even greater number of authors and titles in different sub- 

 ject areas, but without abstracts. Some groups of vertebrates 

 have special bibliographies which are quite complete (up to 

 the date of their publication), such as Strong's "Bibliography 

 of Birds" (Chicago Museum) and Dean's "Bibliography of 

 Fishes" (American Museum). 



Because of the large number of references involved in 

 almost any investigation, the most direct method is to look 

 for a recent paper in the area of interest, or a basic refer- 

 ence, and then explore the cited literature and the lists of 

 references given by these. Working back in this way to the 

 earliest papers gives a good cross-section, but not necessarily 

 a complete one, of what has been written. Many papers are 

 in obscure periodicals, which are seldom available and thus 

 generally overlooked. Further, the most recent papers will 

 have to be found by search of the periodicals themselves, 

 because the indexing services are a year or two behind the 

 actual publishing dates. 



Journals giving much space or attention to subjects of 

 morphological interest include the following: Acta ^oologica 



(Stockholm), American Journal of Anatomy, American Journal uf 

 Microscopy, Anatomical Record, Anatomische Hefte {Abt. 2, 

 Ergehnisse der Anatomic und Entwicklungsgeschichte), Anatomische 

 Anzeiger, Arkivfur Anatomic und Physiologic (Anatomische Abt.), 

 Archives de Biologic, Arkiv for ^oologi, Jahrbuchfur Morphologic 

 und Microscopische Anatomic, Journal of Anatomy (London), 

 Journal of Morphology, Journal of Comparative Neurology, Philo- 

 sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Proceedings of 

 the Zoological Society of London, Quarterly Review of Biology, 

 Quarterly Revues, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 

 Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Transactions of the 

 Zoological Society of London, Ziitshnftfiir Anatomic und Entwick- 

 lungsgeschichte, Z^'^^i^hrift fur Morphologic und Okologie de- Tiere 

 (Abt. A of Z^schrift fur Wissenschaftliche Biologic), and Zool- 

 ogische Jahrbucher (Abt. fur Anatomic und Ontogenie der Thiere). 

 This list is only a partial one; it does not include the 

 irregular publications (Bulletins, Festschriften, Memoires, 

 Monographs, Occasional Papers, etc.) of many museums, 

 institutes, universities, or academies. Other periodicals are 

 indicated below in the chapter references. 



There are several basic reference works in this field, most 

 of which are multivolumed. Currently being produced is the 

 "Traite de Zoologie," edited by Pierre-P. Grasse, Paris, 

 Masson et Cie, (Vols. XI, XII, XIII, XV and XVII ai^ 

 complete). This series of volumes represents a summary of 

 our knowledge of the morphology, physiology, behavior, 

 and systematics — each chapter by an expert in the partic- 

 ular area under discussion. Of particular interest is Volume 

 XII, "Vertebres: Generalites, Embryologie Topographique, 

 Anatomic Comparee, Caracteristiques Biochimique." Of a 

 similar nature is the "Handbuch der Zoologie," edited by 

 W. Kukenthal and T. Krumbach (Berlin, W. deCruyter). 

 Started in 1923, it is still incomplete. Bronn's "Klassen und 

 Ordnungen des Thier-reichs" Leipzig, C. F. Wintersche, 

 1874-1938 preceded the Handbuch, but is still incomplete. 

 A thorough summary of vertebrate (and cephalochordate) 

 morphology is given by the six volumes of Bolk, Goppert, 

 Kallius, and Lubosch's "Handbuch der vergleichenden 

 Anatomie der Wirbeltiere" (Berlin und Wein, Urban und 

 Schwarzenberg, 1931-1938). The various chapters, again 

 written by experts in the area discussed, present many and 

 often divergent views. Many areas of information are dis- 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



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