cussed at great length while others are scarcely mentioned. 

 These volumes certainly are a starting point for any serious 

 morphological investigation, both for the facts presented 

 and for the references to the literature. 



One- volume references of great value include Ihle, 

 van Kampen, Nierstrasz and Versluys' "Vergleichende 

 Anatomic der Wirbeltiere" (Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927); 

 E. S. Goodrich's, "Vertebrata Craniata, I. Cyclostomes and 

 Fishes," tn Lankester, E. R., "A Treatise on Zoology," Vol. 

 IX (London, Macmillan Co., 1909), and "Studies on the 

 Structure and Development of Vertebrates" (London, The 

 Macmillan Co., 1930; and New York, Dover, 1958). A brief 

 summary of the anatomy and classification of vertebrates is 

 given in Vol. II of Parker and Haswell's "Textbook of 

 Zoology," 6th ed. (revised by C. Forster-Cooper, London, 

 The Macmillan Co., 1940). Of a somewhat different nature, 

 a general account of all aspects of vertebrate life is 

 J. Z. Young's "The Life of Vertebrates" (London and New 

 York, Oxford University Press, 1950). 



More restricted references of interest include "Traite de 

 Paleontologie," edited by Jean Piveteau. Volumes V (1955) 

 and VI (1961) are completed, and cover the tetrapods from 

 the Amphibia to the Mammalia. Many details of anatomy 

 are discussed; those affecting or marking the skeletal sys- 

 tem. G. Kingsley Noble's "The Biology of the Amphibia" 

 (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1931; New York, 

 Dover Publications, Inc., 1954) is a fine general account for 

 amphibians, with an excellent reference section. "The 

 Physiology of Fishes" (in two volumes) ed. by M. E. Brown 

 (New York, Academic Press, 1957) and "The Biology Com- 

 parative Physiology of Birds" (in two volumes, ed. by 

 A. J. Marshall (New York, Academic Press, 1960-1961)) 

 supply many useful notes and citations. J. F. Daniel's "The 

 Elasmobranch Fishes," 3rd ed. (Berkeley, University of 

 California Press, 1934) is a rather detailed but incomplete 

 account of the anatomy of sharks and includes extensive 

 lists of the literature regarding the various structural sys- 

 tems. G. R. De Beer's "The Vertebrate Skull" (Oxford, 

 Clarendon Press, 1937) brought together most of what was 

 known of and believed about the vertebrate head skeleton. 

 A. S. Romer, "Osteology of the Reptiles," (Chicago, Univ. 

 of Chicago Press, 1956) contains a wealth of information 

 on the bony structure and fossil history of the reptiles. 

 Mammalian Anatomy is well covered in the two volumes of 

 "Die Saugetiere" by M. Weber, H. M. de Burlet, and 

 O. Abel (Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1927-28). Histology texts 

 such as Maximow and Bloom's "Textbook of Histology," 6th 

 ed. (Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1957), Ham's "His- 

 tology," 3rd ed. (Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1957) 

 and LeGros Clark's "The Tissues of the Body," 2nd ed. 

 (London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1945) tell 

 much about the fine structure of the mammal. There are 

 several comparative histologies, but Krause's "Mikroskopische 

 Anatomic der Wirbeltiere" (Berlin and Leipzig, 1923) 

 remains the standard. Comparative Embryology began with 



O. Hcrtwig's "Handbuch der vergleichenden und experi- 

 mentellen Entwickelungslehre der Wirbeltiere" (Jena, 

 1901-1906), the three volumes of which still remain inter- 

 esting and useful, particularly as sources for the early litera- 

 ture. O. E. Nelsen's "Comparative Embryology of the Ver- 

 tebrates" (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1953) 

 and A. F. Huettner's "Fundamentals of Comparative 

 Embryology of the Vertebrates," 2nd ed. (New York, The 

 Macmillan Co., 1949) bring this area up to the present. The 

 fundamentals of the developmental processes and the details 

 of human embryology are discussed by many modern texts. 

 The following chapter lists do not attempt to include all 

 of the papers referred to in the preparation of the text, but 

 rather represent a biased selection of stimulating or pro- 

 vocative works, summarizing accounts or reference sources. 



INTRODUCTION: AN HISTORICAL SKETCH 



Cole, F. J., "A History of Comparative Anatomy from 

 Aristotle to the Eighteenth Century," London, The Mac- 

 millan Co., 1944. 



Glass, B., "Forerunners of Darwin 1749-1859," Baltimore, 

 Johns Hopkins Press, 1959. 



Simpson, G. G., "Anatomy and Morphology: Classification 

 and Evolution: 1859 and 1959," in "Commemoration of 

 Centennial of the Publication of The Origin of Species, by 

 Charles Darwin," pp. 286-306, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 103 

 (2) (1959). 



CHAPTER 1. CHORDATES, PROTOCHORDATES, 

 AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS 



Hyman, L. H., "The Invertebrates: The Smaller Coelomate 



Groups, Vol. 5," New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 



1959. 

 Pietschmann, V, "Acrania-Cephalochorda," in Kukenthal's 



"Handbuch der Zoologie," Berlin, W. deGruyter, 6 (I), 



1-124, 1929. 



CHAPTER 2. THE VERTEBRATES AND 

 THEIR EXTERNAL ANATOMY 



A wealth of references, including taxonomic works on each 

 of the several groups of vertebrates could be included here. 

 I have restricted the list to two particularly good sources: 



Berg, L. S., "System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen 

 und Fische," Berlin, Veb Deutscher Verlag der Wissen- 

 schaften, 1958. 



Blair, W. F., et ai, "Vertebrates of the United States," New 

 York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957. 



450 • BIBLIOGRAPHY 



