THE ORGANIZER 203 



OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA: 



The post-operative care of the embryos generally includes returning them to their nor- 

 mal growing medium after the healing of the wounds in the operating medium. Specimens 

 should be kept in separate #2 Stenders or finger bowls, properly marked for identifica- 

 tion, and placed at cool temperatures to reduce bacterial growth. 



The maximum duration of observations for these experiments is about 4 days after the 

 operation. Sketches and photographs at the time of the operation, with similar records 

 at appropriate intervals, and finally, histological confirmation of the macroscopic effects 

 are recommended. The results are qualitative in that no two experiments could possibly 

 be alike, hence complete and accurate records of each specimen are most important. 



(The student should study the Glossary to learn the distinction between organizer, in- 

 ductor, and evocator as illustrated in the above experiments. ) 



REFERENCES 



BARTH, L. G. G S. GRAFF, 1943 - "Effect of protein extracts of neural plate plus chordamesoderm on presumptive epidermis. " 



Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. G Med. 54:118. 

 BAUTZMANN, H. , 1932 - "Experimentelle analyse des organisatorischen Geschehens in der Primitiventwicklung von Amphibian: 



Determinationszustand und Aufgabenverteilung der Randzonenanlagen im Organosationsprojess." Verb, der Anat. Gesell. 75:221. 

 BOELL, E. J., J. NEEDHAM, 1939 - "Morhogenesis and metabolism: studies with the Coryesian diver ultramicromanometer. " 



Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 127:363. 

 BOSE, A., 1959 - "X-ray effects in the secondary organizer action. ' Die Naturwissenschaften. 46:563. 

 BRACHET, J. , 1939 - "Etude du metabolisme de I'oeuf de grenouille (Rana fusca) au cours du developpement. V. Le metabolisme 



proteique et hydrocarbone de I'oeuf en relation avec le probleme de I'orgonisateur. " Arch. Biol. 50:233. 

 BROWN, M. G., 1941 - "Collapse of the archenteron in embryos of Amblystoma and Rana. " Jour. Exp. Zool. 88:95. 

 CHILD, C. M. , 1946 - "Organizers in development and the organizer concept. " Physiol. Zool. 19:89. 

 DETWILER, R S. , 1917 - "On the use of Nile blue sulphate in embryonic tissue transplantation." Anat. Rec. 13:493. 

 GOERTTLER, K., 1925 - "Die Formbildung der Medullaranlage beu Urodelen. " Arch. f. Ent. mec. 106:503. 

 GOERTTLER, K. , 1931 - "Desorganization durch Einwirkung von Organisatoren auf organisierendes Materiel. " Verb. Anat. Ges. 



37:132 (Also Anat. Anz. 71:132) 

 GOODALE, H. D, , 1911 - "The early development of Sperlepes bilineatus. " Am. J. Snot. 12:173. 

 HARRISON, R. G. , 1945 - "Relations of symmetry in the developing embryo. " Conn. Acad. Arts G Sci. 36:277. 

 HOLTFRETER J., 1945 - "Neuralization and epidermization of gastrulc ectoderm. " Jour. Exp. Zool. 98:161. 

 JAEGER, L. , 1945 - "Glycogen utilization by the amphibian gastrula in relation to invagination and induction. " Jour. Cell. G 



Comp. Physiol. 25:97. 

 LEHMANN, F. E., 1926 - "Entwikclungsstorungen in der Medullanlage von Triton, erzeugt durch Unterlagerungs-Defekte. " Arch. 



f. Ent. Mech. 108:243. 

 LEHMANN, F. E. , 1938 - "Regionale Verscheidenheiten des Organisators von Triton. " Arch. f. Ent. mech., 138. 

 NAKAMURA, C, 1938 - Tail formation in the urodele". Zool. Mag. Tokyo. 50:442. 

 NEEDHAM, J., 1940 - "Biochemical aspects of organizer phenomena. " Growth Suppl. p. 45. 

 OPPENHEIMER, J., 1936 - "Structures developed in amphibians by implantation of living fish organizer. " Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 



G Med. 34:461. 

 PASTEELS, J. , 1942 - "New observations concerning the maps of presumptive areas of the young amphibian gastrula. " Jour. Exp. 



Zool. 89:255. 

 SCHECHTMAN, A. M., 1932 - "Movement and localization of the presumptive epidermis in Triturus torosus. " Univ. Calif. Pub. 



Zool. 36:325. 

 SHEN, S. C. , 1939 - "A quantitative study of amphibian neural tube induction with a water-soluble hydrocarbon." Jour. Exp. 



Zool. 16:143. 

 SPEMANN, H., 1933 - "Embryonic development and induction. " Yale Univ. Press. 

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Arch. f. mikr. Anat. u. Ent. mech. 100:599. 

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la region blastoporale ventrale. " 

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 WADDINGTON, C. H. , 1940 - "Organizers and genes. " Cambridge Univ. Press. 



WEISS, P. , 1935 - "The so-called organizer and the problem of organization in Amphibian development. " Physiol. Rev. 15:639. 

 WOERDEMAN. M. W. , 1938 - "Embryonale Induktion und Organization. " Inst. Intemat. Emb. , London, Aug. 1938. 



