TRANSPLANTATIONS 263 



OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA: 



Each experiment will be peculiar to itself in that it is impossible from a technical point 

 of view, to exactly repeat any operation. For this reason it is important that the student 

 make numerous records, drawings, or photographs, to indicate (a) the donor area (b) the 

 depth of the donor tissue transplanted (c) the site on the host and the depth of the excava- 

 tion (d) the orientation of the donor transplant in the host field (e) and periodic drawings 

 or photographs of the success of the transplant. Only when a transplant might involve the 

 central nervous system (e. g. , the eye) should the material be sectioned to determine the 

 nervous connections established. Space is provided with each section for such records. 



DISCUSSION: 



The value of these experiments is the establishment of the stage in development when var- 

 ious organ anlagen are determined, and the degree of determination. Detailed experi- 

 ments on the limb and eye are provided elsewhere, but it is instructive for the student to 

 determine for himself the fact that certain anlagen are exchangeable and that certain 

 transplantations are perfectly viable while others (see Twitty, 1937, Humphrey and Burns, 

 1939, and Eakin and Harris, 1945) are not. 



There are, of course, numerous other anlagen that can be used such as the sense plate 

 (stage #14), the olfactory placode (stage #15), the lens (stage #16), the ear, parts of the 

 nervous system (Detwiler, 1942), thyroid (Allen, 1918), pituitary (Blount, 1933), gonads 

 (Burns, 1928, Humphrey, 1944), and heart ( Copenhaver, 1945). The basic procedure 

 can be established with the above four organ anlagen. (See sections on Eye, Heart, Limb.) 



Heteroplastic grafting (graft location different from the graft source) is instructive in re- 

 lation to growth and differentiation, and may give data on rate of growth, early and ulti- 

 mate size factors, pigmentation, inhibitions found to exist in the normal environment but 

 non-existent in the transplant environment, mutual compatibility, etc. The student 

 should consult the Glossary for the distinction between the various types of transplants 

 such as homoplastic, heteroplastic, heterotopic, xenoplastic, and the extreme case of 

 the chimera (Baltzer, 1941). 



REFERENCES 



ALLEN, B. M. , 1957 - "Effects of 60, OOO2 gamma irradiation upon tissues of Bufo transplanted into unirradiated tadpoles. " Anat. 



Rec. 127:394. 

 ALBRINK, W. S., H. S. N. GREENE, 1953 - "The transplantation of tissues between zoological species. " Cancer Res. 13:64. 

 BILLINGHAM, R. E. , L. BRENT, 1957 - "A simple method of inducing tolerance of skin homografts in mice. " Transplant. Bull. 



4:67. 

 BLOUNT, R. F. , 1939 - "Heteroplastic transplantation of hypophysis between different species of Amblystoma. " Proc. Soc. Exp. 



Biol. E Med. 40:212. 

 BORN, C, 1897 - "Uber Verwachsungsversuche mit Amphibienlar\-en. " Arch. f. Ent. Mech. 4:349. 

 BRENT, L. , 1958 - "Tissue transplantation immunity". Progro. Allergy. 5:271. 

 COPENHAVER, W. M. , 1945 - "Heteroplastic transplantation of the sinus venosus between two species of Amblystoma. " Jour. 



Exp. Zool. 100:203. 

 COPENHAVER, W. M. , 1955 - "Growth of thyroid tissue in the gills of Amblystoma punctatum reared in propylthiouracil. " Jour. 



Exp. Zool. 129:291-308. 

 DETWILER, S. R. , 1938 - "Heteroplastic transplantation of somites. " Jour. Exp. Zool. 79:361. (also Jour. Exp. Zool. 64:405) 

 DETWILER, S. R. , 1942 - "Neuroembryology. " MacMillan. 

 EAKIN, R. M. G M, HARRIS, 1945 - "Incompatibility between amphibian hosts and xenoplastic grafts as related to host age. " 



Jour. Exp. Zool. 98:35. 

 EMERSON, H. S., 1944 - "Embryonic grafts in regenerating tissue. II. The behavior of the transplants during metamorphosis in 



Rana pipiens. " Jour. Exp. Zopl. 95:61. 

 GEINITZ, B. , 1925 - "Embryonale transplantation zwischen Urodelen und Anuren. " Arch. f. Ent. Mech. 106:357. 

 HANDLER, A. H. , S. DABIS, S. C. SOMERS, 1956 - "Teterotranplantation experiments with human cancers. " Cancer Res. 



16:12. 



