300 



FLEAS, FLUKES AND CUCKOOS 



224; moulting of, 71; 

 mouth-parts of, 71; nests, 

 in, 61, 247; parasitic, 55; 

 parasitised, 251; predac- 

 ious, 50; procercoid, 194; 

 scavenging, 251; suited 

 by nests, loi ; suppres- 

 sion of, 43; Tetracotyle, 

 206; tongue-worms', 23 ;3 

 worms', 176 



Leap of flea, 77, 78 



Legs : 



flea, 58, 77; lice, 58, 122; 

 lost, 41 ; vestigial 233 



Lemon juice, 127 



Length of tapeworm, 191 



Leprosy, 98 



Leucocytes, 168, 173 



Licking, 42 



Life-cycle : 



Ascaris, 1 80 ; Capillaria, 

 186; Cryptocotyle,202>', fig- 

 5, p. 203; Echinostomes, 

 205; ectoparasites, 178; 

 fleas, 68; flukes, 178, 

 198-208; gnats, 216; 

 Heterakis, 183; insects, 68; 

 leeches, 209; lice, 123; 

 midges, 220; Oxyspirura, 

 184; parasites, 47 ; Plas- 

 modium, 1 65 ; Prosthogoni- 

 mus, 204; Roundworms, 

 179-186; Sporozoa, 160 ; 

 Strigeoidea, 206; Strongy- 

 lina, 182; Syngamus, 181; 

 tongue-worms, 233; tape- 

 worms, 194-197 



Life-cycles : 



contrasting, 9; complex, 

 42; duration of, 73, 112; 

 simple, 43 



Light, reaction to, 164 



Liver, 3, 173 



Locomotion, 121 



Longevity, 73, i"i2 



Luminous : 



bacteria, 239; organs, 239 



Lungs, 3, 180, 226, 243 



Lymph, 3 



Malaria,. 164 170, 214, 217 



Males : 



asymmetrical, 226; at- 

 tached to females, 39; 

 dwarf, 39, 53, 230; dying 

 before females 68; flea, 

 64, 68; genitalia, 140; 

 gnat, 216; parasite of 



females, 40; surviving, 54 



Mange, 226 



Mantle, 30 



Marrow, 33, 171 



Mating, see Copulation 



Measles, 235 



Mesmerism, 260 



Metacercaria, 206 



Metabolism aflfected, 31 



Metamorphosis, 57, 125, 21 1 



Microclimes, 84 



Microfilariae, 185 



Microhabitats, 245 



Microparasites, 36, 235-244 



Migrations, 42, 80, 97, 150, 

 180, 207 



Milk, 217 



Milk-bottles, 18 



Mimicry, 263 



Miracidium, 200 



Mobbing, 25 



Modification, 4; of anten- 

 nae, 57; of bristles, 96; 

 of flies, 2 1 1 ; of head, 119; 

 of lice, 129; of mouth- 

 parts, 63, 73, 119; views 

 on, confused, 179 



Mole-hills, 13 



Mortality : 



of cuckoos, 264; of host, 

 3i-37> 57» 97, 104, 136, 

 163, 181, 186, 221, 225, 

 236; of nestlings, 99; of 

 parasites, 38 



Mother of pearl, 30 



Moults, 57, 71 



Mountain ash, 12 



Mouth, 3, II, 41, 119, 160, 

 198, 209, 232 



Mouth-parts : 



armature of, 41 ; bugs', 

 248; feather lice's, 119; 

 fleas', 62; gnats', 216; 

 hypopus, 228; leeches', 

 209; mites', 227; ticks', 

 229, 230 



Movement : 



of fleas, 77; of lice, 122, 

 132; of louse-flies, 212 



Mud-flats, 198 



Muscles, 3, 243 



Mutations, 52 



Mycelium, 242 



Mycosis, 243 



Mysteries, of cuckoo, 259 



Nagana, 172 



Nasal cavities, 3, 225, 232 



Natural selection, 52 



Nectar, 7, 49 



Nerve cord, flea, 64 



Nesting association, 16, 23, 

 26, 27 



Nesting sites, 10, 102 



Nests : 



beetles in, 50, 245-252; 

 bugs in, 247-248; carton, 

 14; cliff'-swallows, 14; 

 crows, 246; Dermestids in, 

 248; deserted, 97, 260; 

 domed, 14; dry, 94; 

 ducks', 15; emptied, 261, 

 268; eyes lost in, 97; 

 fleas collected from, 61, 

 72; -flies, 220; fly larvae 

 in, 251; ground, 91, loi; 

 hibernation in, 252; house 

 martins, 16; ideal envir- 

 onment in, 19 ; moths in, 

 250; mud, 102; numbers 

 in, 72, 245, 247; ospreys', 

 14; owls', 246; parasites in, 

 7; ptarmigans', 15; rocky, 

 87; sand martins', 80; 

 scavengers in, 251; spar- 

 rows', 85; swallows', 16; 

 sw^ifts', 213; temperature 

 of, 249; verminous, 246; 

 voles', 69; weavers', 14; 

 wet, 87, loi 



Niche, ecological, 131, 133, 



139 

 Nostril, fleas in, 49 



Numbers : 



effects of large, 32; of 

 eggs, 38, 69; of fleas, 58; 

 of fleas per bird, 61, 75; 

 per nest, 61, 72, 245, 247; 

 per rat, 68; sand-martin, 

 80; of individuals, 54; of 

 feather lice, 58 ; of mam- 

 mal fleas, 89; of parasites 

 per host, 3; of Protozoa, 

 159; of roundworms, 178; 

 of species, 53, 138 



Nymphs, 57, 125, 205 



Oceanic islands, 45, 46, 52, 

 90, 138 



Ocelli, 77 



Oocyst, 161 



Operculum, 123 



Orders, 106 



Organs : 



of attachment, 41 ; of 

 locomotion, lost, 41 



