302 



FLEAS, FLUKES AND CUCKOOS 



Releaser, 259 



Reproduction : 



asexual, 39, 161; fungal, 

 242; hermaphrodite, 40; 

 parthenogenetic, 40, 123, 

 182, 206, 225; sexual, 39 



Resistance of host, 32-34 



Respiration : 



anaerobic, 1 92 ; cutaneous, 

 232; tracheal, 63 



Restriction of parasite : 

 to head, 58; to one host, 

 58; to one order, 130 



Ringworm, 242 



Rostrum of tick, 229 



Saliva, 31, 74, 219, 232 

 Saltings, 199 

 Sand, 114 



Saprophytes, 236,242, 251 

 Sarcoma, 241 

 Scabies, 226 

 Scaly-leg, 226 

 Scattering of eggs, 70 

 Scavengers, 51, 121, 251 

 Scent of host, 76 

 Schizogony, 161, 163; 



exoerythrocytic, 165 

 Scolex, 191 

 Seasons and fleas, 68 

 Sedentary habit, 116 

 Seed-ticks, 230 

 Sense-organs : 



lice, 121; lost, 42 

 Senses, fleas', 75 

 Sentinels, 15, 21 

 Sexes, proportion of, 79; 



dimorphism of, 167, 179 

 Sexual reproduction, 39 

 Sites of infection, 3, 8, 



Fig. I p. 8 

 Size: fleas', 62; lice's 119; 



parasites' 50 

 Skin, 3 



Sleeping sickness, 98, 1 72 

 Smallpox, 241 

 Soup, flea in, 112 

 Specialisation, 46, 212 

 Speciation, 45, 85, 133, 137 

 Species, 107, 108 

 Specificity : 



ethological, 45, 146; host, 



43 46; phylogenetic, 44, 



45 



Spermathecae, 65 



Spermatozoa, 65 



Spines, 41, 74, 78, 122, 



190-191 

 Spiracles, 63 

 Spleen, 33 

 Spores, 42, 103, 236, 242, 



243 



Sporocyst, 204, 206 



Stables, 16 



Starvation, 75 



Strength, flea's, 78 



Strobila, 192 



Strobilisation, 39, 182 



Sub-species, 85, 90, 116 



Success: of fleas and lice, 59; 

 of cuckoos, 2 



Suckers, 41, 52, 104, 159, 

 191, 194, 198, 208, 228, 

 229 



Super-families, 106 



Superparasitism, 35 



Survival, 97 



Susceptibility : 



of Culex, 217; of old birds, 

 237; of Passerines, 165 



Swarms, flea, 80 



Swimmers' itch, 206 



Symbiosis, 4, 20-29 : 



in ants' nests, 5 1 ; bacteria 

 and, 121, 239; defined, 

 20; delousing and, 22; in 

 flocks, 21 ; flowers and, 28; 

 fungi and, 242 ; in grazing, 

 21, 23; in hunting, 25; 

 mites and, 227; moths 

 and, 251; nidicoles and, 

 249; wasps and, 26 



Symphiles, 51, 238 



Synsacrum, 261 



Synthesis by bacteria, 239 



Syphilis, 238 



Systematics, 106, 147 



Temperature, attractive, 76 ; 

 birds' nests', 80; effects of, 

 137; fleas' eggs and, 70; 

 life cycle and, 70, 124 



Termitaries, 13, 51 



Territory, birds', 257 



Throat-pouches, 3, 121 



Tolerance, 29 



Toxins, 31, 32, 231 



Tracheae, fleas', 63 



Transference, 116, 135, 160 

 Transport hosts, 43, 135, 



163, 181, 183, 189, 228 

 Tropisms, 42, 77, 78 

 Tuberculosis, 31, 236-237 

 Typhus, 98 



Umbilical cord, 13 

 Uropygidial glands, 209 



Vaccination, 241 



Vagina, 40, 173 



Varieties, 81, 85 



Vectors {see also intermedi- 

 ate hosts) : arthropods as, 

 172; blackflies as, 219; 

 fleas as, 98, 172; flies as, 

 172; insects as, 240; 

 leeches as, 31, 209; louse 

 flies as, 1 72 ; mosquitoes as, 

 165, 217, 241; multiple, 

 178; red mites as, 172, 

 238; ticks as, 232; viruses 

 and, 240 



Vermicules, 1 65 



Vibrio infection, 239 



Vinegar, 48, 127 



Virulence of infection, 36 



Viruses, 240-241 



Vitamins, 183, 193, 239 



Viviparity, 212 



Walnut, 127 

 Warmth, attractive, 75 

 Weather, 34 

 Wing buds, 73 

 Wings : 



cast off", 41, 213, 222; 



lost, 213, 248; molluscs 



under, 18; reduced, 52, 



213 

 Wounds : 



caused by leeches, 209; 



of birds, 187; of hosts, 74, 



99; parasitism and, 23; 



symbiosis and, 22 



Yaws, 238 

 Yellow fever. 217 



Zones of distribution, 85, 

 loi, 217 



