ROLE OF THE PROSENCEPHALON IN SHIVERING 
Kaada's report (1951) that fornical activation can suppress shivering, 
but it is not known if direct fornical or hippocampal stimulation can 
facilitate shivering. Thus the relation of septal suppression and 
facilitation of shivering to the more rostral hippocampal activity 
is still obscure. 
Secondly, the relation of the septum's role in shivering to that 
of the amygdala is obscure. McLean and Delgarda (1953) suppressed 
shivering by stimulation of the junction of the rostral amygdala and 
globus pallidus, and by stimulation of the amygdala's basomedial 
complex. Koikegami, Hiroshi, and Kimoto (1952) have reported an 
inhibition of gastric motility when stimulating this complex, but an 
elevation of body temperature when stimulating the amygdala's 
lateral complex. Thus it might well be that stimulation of separate 
amygdaloid structures can either facilitate or suppress shivering. 
Such impulses could be carried by the direct diffuse amygdaloid 
connections with the hypothalamus, first described by Fox (1920) 
or the suppressive impulses could be carried by the stria termin- 
alis to the hypothalamus which Fox (1943) has shown to be efferent 
from the amygdala and which Ban andOmakai (1959) and Hall (i960) 
have shown to receive medial, not lateral, amy gdalorid project ions. 
It is not known if amygdaloid activity relatedto shivering influences 
the septum by way of the diagonal band of Broca. Earlier anatomists 
considered this band to form two way connections between the 
amygdala and medial midseptum, but recent work of Lauer (1945), 
Ban and Omakai (1959), and Hall (1960) would suggest that this tract 
is afferent to, not efferent from, the amygdala. 
Thirdly, our experiments have not separated septal neuron 
stimulation from stimulation of neocortical projections to the 
hypothalamus that traverse the septum. Obviously there is a need 
for further studies on the facilitation and suppression of shivering 
during septal stimulation in animals in which various single and 
combined telencephalic structures have been ablated at a time 
sufficiently before stimulation to permit degeneration of projections 
to and through the septum. Such experiments, with the exception of 
the three fornical destruction experiments, were considered beyond 
the scope of this present study. It has, however, clearly demon- 
strated instigation, augmentation and suppression of shivering by 
stimulation of the telencephalon 's septum and as such mi^t well 
373 
