ROLE OF THE PROSENCEPHALON IN SHIVERING 
Benzinger in 1960, but denied by many other workers from Richet 
in 1892 to Hammel, Hardy, and Fusco in 1960), then shivering 
would have a longer latent period after decortication since the skin 
would be warmer due to vasodilation. It would appear that there 
has been insufficient experimentation to solve the problem of the 
degree and latency of shivering in decorticate cats. Possibly the 
application of techniques of measuring brain and peripheral temper- 
atures, and hypothalamic and skin blood flow (perfected by Hensel 
and his co-workers in 1961) to chronic decorticate cats would 
solve this pertinent problem. 
The word pertinent is used because the results of Bard, Pink- 
ston, Rioch, and Aring suggested to them that the telencephalon 
exerted a tonically inhibitory influence on shivering, whereas my 
single chronic decorticate experiment would suggest that shivering 
is normal in intensity after decortication. It is known that shivering 
can be suppressed by electrical stimulation of the cortex as reported 
by Kaada in 1951. McLean and Delgardo in 1953 reported similar 
suppression of the amygdala and globus pallidus. Hemingway, 
Forgrave, and Birzis (1954) have reported the suppression of shiv- 
ering by septal stimulation, and such stimulation has been shown to 
evoke it by Akert and Kesselring (1951) and Andersson (1957). 
Additionally, Gessler andHansen (1927) have reportedthe production 
of human shivering by hypnotic suggestion. Thus the question is 
not whether the telencephalon is inhibitory or facilitory with respect 
to shivering, since both have been shown, but rather which telen- 
cephalic influence dominates in the intact brain. It is doubtful that 
any of the above mentioned work has solved this problem. 
The shivering response of decorticate cats three days after 
surgery is, as shown in Tables II and III, of some moment. These 
prepartions shivered feebly even though they were hyperactive 
autonom ically (i.e., excessive vom ting, urinating, defecating, 
'^sham rage," etc.)- However, they shivered with a more consistent 
intensity after than before decortication in that the standard deviation 
of shivering/resting VO was four times less after than before de- 
cortication. One might speculate that decortication had thereby 
removed both tonic facility and inhibitory influences which, in the 
intact animals, varied in their relative effects. In order to justify 
such a speculation it would be necessary to make more VO deter- 
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