ROLE OF THE PROSENCEPHALON IN SHIVERING 
Magoun et al., 1938) or electrically (Anderssonetal., 1957; Anders- 
son and Persson, 1957; Andersson et al., 1960; Hemingway et al., 
1954) is known to suppress shivering. There are septal projections 
to both anterior and posterior hypothalamic regions. Therefore, if 
septal stimulation can evoke shivering, it should also be capable of 
suppressing it. Such suppression has been reported during septal 
stimulation (Hemingway et al., 1954) and during stimulation of more 
rostral telencephalic structures, the orbito-frontal gyrus (Kaada, 
1951) and the amygdala (McLean and Delgado, 1953), It is not known 
if the neurons activated to suppress shivering during stimulation 
of the orbito-frontal gyrus and the amygdala traverse the septum 
or relay within it. 
Some investigators have shown that on exposure to cold shiv- 
ering appears sooner and is more intense after decortication (Aring 
1935; Bard, 1961; and Pinkston et al., 1934) and on this basis have 
claimed that the cerebral cortex is inhibitory with respect to 
shivering. However, evidence that the telencephalon can activate 
as well as suppress shivering is just as valid and suggests that 
the effects of decortication on shivering should be re-examined. 
From the above mentioned literature the following questions emerge: 
1. Can decerebrate preparations shiver? 
2. Is the shivering intensity of decorticate preparations equal 
to, greater than, or less than that of unoperated animals? 
3. Is the septum or the posterior hypothalamus primarily 
involved in the production of shivering? 
4. Can septal stimulation suppress shivering and if so, how 
is this related to septal activation of shivering and to anterior 
hypothalamic suppression of shivering? 
On the basis of both anatomical and physiological studies, it 
appeared that septal production and suppression of shivering should 
be secondary to hypothalamic production and suppression of shiv- 
ering. Secondly, if septal and midbrain electrical stimulation could 
produce shivering, so should electrical stimulation of the hypo- 
thalamus. It was felt that the use of electrical stimulation would 
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