340 PHYSIOLOGY OF INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA 



3. Bigelow, W. G., Lindsay, W. K., Harrison, R. C., Gordon, R. A., and Greenwood, W. F. : 



Oxygen transport and utilization in dogs at low body temperatures. Am. J. Physiol. 160: 

 125, 1950. 



4. Covino, B. G., and Charleson, D. : Ventricular diastolic threshold in hypothermia, Am. J. 



Physiol, i^i; 357, 1955. 



5. Covino, B. G., and Williams, L. F. : Excitability cycle of the ventricle in hypothermia. Am. J. 



Physiol. i<?i; 357, 1955. 



6. Covino, B. G., and Hegnauer, A. H. : Ventricular excitability cycle : Its modification by pH 



and hypothermia, Am. J. Physiol. 181: 553, 1955. 



7. Covino, B. G., and Hegnauer, A. H. : Ventricular excitability during hypothermia and re- 



warming in the dog, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 89: 659, 1955. 



8. Covino, B. G., Wright, R., and Charleson, D. : Effectiveness of several antifibrillary drugs in 



the hypothermic dog. Am. J. Physiol. 181:54, 1955. 



9. Swan, H., Zeavin, I., Holmes, J. H., and Montgomery, V. : Cessation of circulation in general 



hypothermia: Physiologic changes and their control, Ann. Surg. 138: 360, 1953. 



10. Osborn, J. J. : Experimental hypothermia : Respiratory and blood pH changes in relation to 



cardiac function. Am. J. Physiol. 175: 389, 1953. 



11. Miller, F. A., Brown, E. B., Buckley, J. J., Van Bergen, F. H., and Varco, R. L. : Respira- 



tory acidosis : Its relationship to cardiac function and other physiologic mechanisms, Surg. 

 32: 171, 1952. 



12. Bigelow, W. G., Lindsay, W. K., and Greenwood, W. F. : Hypothermia. Its possible role 



in cardiac surgery : An investigation of factors governing survival in dogs at low body 

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13. Tomaszewski, W. : Changements electrocardiographiques observes chez un homme mort de 



froid. Arch. d. mal. du coeur 31 : 525, 1938. 



14. Graybiel, A., and Dawe, C. J. : Auricular fibrillation resulting from hypothermia. U.S.N. 



School of Aviation Medicine and Research, Pensacola, Florida, Report No. NM001019, 

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15. Laufman, H. : Profound accidental hypothermia, J. Am. Med. Ass. 147: 1201, 1951. 



16. Hegnauer, A. H., Flynn, J., and D'Amato, H. : Cardiac physiology in dog during rewarming 



from deep hypothermia. Am. J. Physiol. 167: 69, 1951. 



17. Altschule, M. D., and Sulzbach, W. M. : Tolerance of human heart to acidosis: Reversible 



changes in RS-T interval during severe acidosis caused by administration of carbon dioxide, 

 Am. Heart J. 33: 458, 1947. 



18. Elliot, H. W., and Crismon, J. M. : Increased sensitivity of hypothermic rats to injected 



potassium and influence of calcium, digitalis, and glucose on survival. Am. J. Physiol. 151: 

 366, 1947. 



19. Fleming, R. : Acid-base balance of the blood in dogs at reduced body temperatures. Arch. 



Surg. 68: 145, 1954. 



20. Covino, B. G., and Hegnauer, A. H. : Electrolyte and pH changes in relation to hypothermic 



ventricular fibrillation, Circ. Res. 3: 375, 1955. 



21. Angelakos, E. T., and Deutsch, S. : Unpublished data. 



22. Hoff, H. E., Smith, P. K., and Winkler, A. W. : Electrocardiographic changes and concen- 



trations of calcium in serum following intravenous injection of calcium chloride, Am. J. 

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DISCUSSION 



Dr. F. John Lewis: My comments concern Dr. Hegnaiier's presentation, and are 

 based on the work of my associate, Dr. Niazi. 



I will describe our use of carbon dioxide with an open respiratory system to 

 reduce the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. Superficially, the figures I am about 

 to show you appear to contradict some of the work that Dr. Hegnauer presented. 

 Perhaps the most important differences between Dr. Ilegnauer's experiments and 

 ours concern the type of respiration used. We did not depend ui>on s])ontaneous 



