402 



INDEX 



Climate, general, 229 

 grassland, 254-256 

 limitations, 174 

 mixed prairie, 262 

 Palouse prairie, 290, 291 

 true prairie, 269, 270 

 types, 233, 234 

 Climax, 6, 28, 66, 126, 353 

 beech-maple, 232 

 lake, 305-307 

 limits, 29 

 rivers, 299-305 

 small river, 300 

 Climax and sere, 231-232, 229-250 

 nature and significance, 229-234 

 climax and climate, 229 

 life forms, 229-231 

 tests, 231-233 

 types, 233, 234 

 structure, 234-250 

 characteristics, 239 

 chmax, 243 

 comparison, 247, 248 

 composition of biome, 234 

 dominance, 235-237 

 dominants in aquatic communities, 



240, 241 

 dynamic nature, 248-250 



dominant, 238, 239 

 evaluation, 234 

 influence, 237, 238 

 kinds of dominants, 238 

 kinds of influents, 241-243 

 major units of biome, 243-245 

 minor units of biome, 245-247 

 subdominants, 239, 240 

 Clisere, 248 



Closterium acerosum, 303 

 Clover, 232 

 Clupea, -Calanus association, 320 



sprattus, 320 

 Clymenella, rubricincta, 339 



-Yoldia association, 339 

 Coactee, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109 



plant, 110 

 Coaction, 68, 103, 102, 104-144, 138, 147, 

 235, 236, 351 

 animal coactees, 137, 138 

 fungi and bacteria, 137, 138 

 insectivorous plants, 137 



Coaction, animals as coactees, 131-136 



carnivores, 132-134 



insectivorous animals, 134-136 

 animals as coactors, 116, 117 



choice of food, 116, 117 

 bases, 104-109 



consequences, 106, 107 



objective, 105, 106 



organisms, 104, 105 



role, 107-109 

 browsing life habit, 123-125 



defoliation, 123, 125 



importance, 125 

 food, 115, 116 

 grazing, 108 



grazing and browsing, 119 

 grazing life habit, 119-122 



large tramping grazers, 119-120 



small grazers resident underground, 

 121, 122 



small surface resident grazers, 122 

 mixed prairie, 268, 269 

 nature and significance, 103, 104 

 pelagic communities, 316 

 plant coactees, 136, 137 



flowering plants, 136 



fungi and bacteria, 136, 137 

 plants as coactees, 117, 118 

 plants as coactors, 136-138 

 relations of food, 118, 119 

 reproductive and social, 114, 115 

 seed and fruit, 125-131 



cambium feeders, 130 



dissemination, 129, 130 



galls, 130-131 



invertebrate omnivorcs, 131 



perching birds, 127 



scansorial life habit, 129 



seasonal in birds, 127 



storage by mammals, 126, 127 

 shelter, 111-114 

 symbiosis, 138-144 



animal symbionts, 143, 144 



plant and animal, 140, 141 



plant and plant, 138-140 



l)ollination symbionts, 141-143 

 systems, 109-111 

 Coactor, 104, 21, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116, 



117 

 Coastal prairie, 277 



