154 AGGREGATION, COMPETITION AND CYCLES 



of evolutions with faultless precision in driving fish to shoal waters. 

 An illuminating inquiry into this subject has been made by Stoddard 

 and his associates (1931), who find a dozen distinct calls in the 

 vocabulary of the bobwhite quail {Coli7ius virginianus L.). The best 

 known and most characteristic of these is the "bobwhite" call, which 

 appears to be uttered chiefly by the unmated cocks. The others are 

 the crowing or caterwauling call, the scatter or covey call, the lost call, 

 the decoy ruse call, the distress call, the cackle note, the battle cry, 

 the alarm note, the food call, and the conversational tones, most of 

 them having to do with the guidance of the covey. 



Cooperation in insect families has been carried to the incidental 

 guests of the family. Wheeler {loc. cit., page 174) says: "I have en- 

 deavored to indicate how trophallaxis, originally developed as a 

 mutual trophic relation between the queen and her brood, has expanded 

 with the growth of the colony, like an ever-widening vortex, till it in- 

 volves, first, all the adults as well as the brood and therefore the 

 entire colony; second, a great number of alien insects that have man- 

 aged to get a foothold in the nest as scavengers, predators and para- 

 sites (symphiles) ; third, alien social insects, that is, other species of 

 ants (social parasites) ; fourth, alien insects that live outside the nest 

 and are 'milked' by the ants (trophobionts)." Wheeler has also named 

 and classified the relations of ants to other organisms {loc. cit. page 

 200) , of which social parasitism, myrmecophily, and trophobiosis have 

 to do chiefly with families. The term family is here applied to so- 

 called colonies of Hymenoptera and termites as a matter of fact (Read, 

 1920:35), and its use is in accord with the general implications of the 

 term as applied to plants. However, it is to be understood that various 

 small animals occur on and among the individuals that constitute the 

 plant family just as these alien insects and fungi (usually not noted) 

 occur in the animal family. 



Cooperation in the Colony. Colony is here used in the sense of a 

 new group of invaders of new territory composed of two or more 

 species. This is the plant-ecological connotation. Cooperation in 

 colonies is generally a matter of symbiotic relation, in view of the fact 

 that two or more species are involved. Naturally, the best examples 

 are found in animal colonies because of their activity and food de- 

 mands, but they occur also among colonies of plants and animals and 

 probably among those of plants alone. The debatable question of the 

 nature of the relation between ants and Acacia, Mymecodia, etc. 

 (cf. Lubbock, 1882:57), may be left to one side, since this is not a 

 matter of a plant-animal community 



The most familiar examples of cooperation in an animal colony 



