212 CORTEX 



manifest itself clinically by causing changes in physiological 

 functions normally under hypophyseal control. As demon- 

 strated by Grollman and Firor, 248 animals maintained for some 

 time in a state of chronic adrenal insufficiency assume a clini- 

 cal picture which is essentially that of hypophyseal cachexia. 

 The physiological deficiencies manifested by such animals are 

 not remedied by treatment with the adrenal cortical hormone 

 but respond to treatment with extracts derived from the 

 pituitary. Grollman and Firor concluded, therefore, that the 

 hypophyseal insufficiency induced by interference with normal 

 adrenal activity is primarily responsible for producing an essen- 

 tial part of the syndrome observed in animals suffering from 

 chronic adrenal insufficiency. 



Several methods were utilized in the production of a chronic 

 adrenal insufficiency. Completely adrenalectomized animals 

 (rats, cats, or dogs) were treated for extended periods with a 

 minimal amount of the adrenal cortical hormone sufficient to 

 maintain life but insufficient to maintain growth in young 

 animals or to maintain a normal body temperature, respiratory 

 metabolism, and reproductive and general activities in adult 

 animals. It is extremely difficult to maintain such a state of 

 insufficiency in young animals for an extended period of time 

 but in full-grown animals it may be done with ease. A second 

 method of inducing a chronic adrenal insufficiency consisted 

 in performing an incomplete adrenalectomy. The operation 

 being incomplete, cellular residues remained which eventually 

 gave rise to sufficient gland to maintain life after treatment of 

 these animals for a week to ten days with an active preparation 

 of the adrenal cortical hormone. A third procedure for pro- 

 ducing a chronic insufficiency consisted in ligating the blood 

 supply to the adrenals. Although a large percentage of the 

 animals on which this operation is performed succumb to the 

 effects of an ensuing acute adrenal insufficiency, some survive 

 and develop the symptoms of chronic insufficiency. 



The general symptomatology of animals in a state of chronic 



