102 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



Among experiments representing protein deficiency, complicated by absence 

 of other essential factors, may be mentioned those of Hatai ('04, '07), who 

 obtained loss of about 30 per cent in body weight in young rats on starch-suet 

 diets, with rapid recovery on normal refeeding. Schulz ('12) found no increase 

 in length or weight in puppies fed farinaceous gruels. On refeeding adequate 

 diet after 3^ months, full recovery was obtained if the experiment began with 

 puppies at 2 to 4 weeks of age, but not with those at 4 days of age. Briining 

 (' 14) also found that young rats soon cease to grow on an unbalanced carbohydrate 

 diet, recalling the " Mehlnahrschaden " of human infants. Albrecht ('13) 

 stated that protein-poor diet affects pregnant mares, though not the develop- 

 ment of the fetus; but Evvard, Cox and Guernsey ('14) observed that feeding 

 maize diet (mixed deficiency) to pregnant sows causes reduction in the size and 

 vigor of the newborn pigs. Funk and Macallum ('14) held the body weight of a 

 young chicken nearly constant (at 150-160 g.) for about 7 months on a diet of 

 rice and cod liver oil (mixed deficiency). 



In the growth of the frog tadpoles, Emmett and Allen ('19) concluded that 

 the quality of the protein in the diet is more important than the quantity. 

 Evans and Bishop ('22) demonstrated the effect of variable quantities of protein 

 upon the growth curve of albino rats. Slonaker and Card ('23, '23a, '23b, 

 '23c, '23d) have shown that in general the growth and reproduction of albino 

 rats are much less upon a protein-poor mixed vegetable diet than upon the same 

 with the addition of animal protein (omnivorous diet). 



Malnutritional Edema. — That general or localized edema (with or without 

 ascites) may be produced in rats by deficiency in protein (or fats) , with abundance 

 of water in the diet, is the conclusion reached by Denton and Kohman ('18) 

 and Kohman ('19, '20). This may also be responsible for the dropsy occurring 

 in malnourished sheep, cattle and horses. (Friedberger and Frohner '08; 

 Hoare '15; Frohner and Zwick '15; Hutyra and Marek '16). Many authors 

 believe that this deficiency is likewise the primary (or at least an important) 

 factor in the edema commonly observed in conditions of human famine (Cornish; 

 Maase and Zondek '17, '17a; Schiff 'i7;Lange '17; Park '18; Wells '18; Schitten- 

 helm and Schlecht '19; Maver '20; Prince '21; McCollum '22). This condition 

 may resemble the dropsical type of beriberi (Budzynski and Chelchowski '16); 

 and McCollum ('22) holds that "wet beriberi" is due to a double deficiency of 

 protein and vitamin B. Edema may also be associated with pellagra (Enright 

 '20). Harden and Zilva produced edema in a monkey on a diet without vitamin 

 A, and Fracassi ('22) considers vitamin deficiency an important factor in 

 "hunger edema." Many writers, however, as already mentioned, have con- 

 sidered that "famine edema" is due to general quantitative (incomplete total) 

 inanition, rather than to qualitative, specific or partial inanition. Excess of 

 carbohydrates and water is also frequently considered an accessory factor 

 (McCarrison '21; McCollum '22). Curschmann ('22) believes the effect 

 is due primarily to endocrine disturbance. 



In describing the "famine edema" in German cities, Kraus ('19) states that 

 "Die bleichen, bis 40 pet. ihres urspriinglichen Gewichtes abgemagerten, 

 hydropisch geschwollenen, durch Muskelschwache unbeweglich gewordenen 



