60 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



of the tendency toward senescence and discharge on the part of the mature cells, 

 coupled with continued reproduction and growth on the part of the regenerative 

 cells." 



Cattaneo ('92) observed that in the Myriapod Glomeris, as in the snail 

 Helix, the ameboid activity of the blood cells appears decreased during 

 hibernation. 



Insecta 



Baumberger ('19) concluded that growth of insects in general may be 

 limited by lack of protein. More or less extensive observations upon the effects 

 of inanition of various types upon insects have been made upon all of the princi- 

 pal orders, excepting the Aptera. 



Orthoptera. — According to Lucas (1826), Vaillant noted a starvation period 

 of five months in the grasshopper, "eine grosse Heuschrecke" (Sp.?). Sanford 

 ('18) noted that the cockroach Periplaneta orientalis may endure starvation for 

 three weeks; or even two months or more if the crop is distended with food. The 

 epithelium of the crop may absorb and store large globules of fat which are 

 slowly absorbed during inanition. Bodine ('21) found that the grasshopper 

 Melanoplus femur rubrum endures total starvation without water 73 hours, or 

 with water, 144 hours; the loss in body weight being 30-35 per cent. Melano- 

 plus differ entialis, a large species, endures 96 hours without water, or 172 hours 

 with water; loss in body weight, 20-25 per cent. Quiescent nymphs of Chorto- 

 phaga live without food for about two weeks at o°-9°C, one week at 23 , but 

 only three or four days at 3 8°; the maximum loss in body weight at death being 

 20-25 per cent. 



Neuroptera. — Lucas (1826) observed death from starvation in Hcmerobius 

 (Perla) after two days; in Perla bicaudata after two and one-half days; in 

 Agrion (Fabr.) Virgo after four days; and in Nemoura (Latr.) nebulosa after 

 seven days. Needham ('97) studied the midgut epithelium of dragon-fly 

 nymphs, and found that after two months of fasting the columnar cells increase 

 three-fold in height. The striated border has mostly disappeared, and the 

 cells are filled with secretory granules. The small cells in the depressed cell- 

 nests increase in number, and appear to be centers of regeneration for the sur- 

 face epithelium. Slowtzoff ('04) found that the Libellulidae (dragon-flies) 

 die after only 60-84 hours of total inanition, with excessive loss of water, 

 which perhaps causes the rapid death. The loss in body weight averages 22.55 

 per cent. 



According to Grassi, among the Termites ("white ants") the development 

 of workers and soldiers is regulated by the character of the nutrition. 



Hemiptera. — Dufour (1833) found that the bedbug (Cimex lectularius) 

 may live for a year in a closed vial without taking food. In a Brazilian 

 species, Conorhinus megistus, Neiva ('10) observed a female specimen which 

 had been alive 57 days in a tightly closed box. According to Weber ('14): 

 "Von der Bettwanze wird angegeben, dass sie in den Bettvorhangen eines 6 

 Jahre lang unbewohnten Zimmers angetroffen wurde, blattdiinn und fast 

 durchsichtig." Riley and Johannsen ('15) noted that the ability of the bedbug 



