172 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



einige fettige Degeneration. Auch bestand oft ein Zerfall in unregelmassige, 

 hyaline Klumpchen, die zum Teil nicht in derselben Weise wie in normalen 

 Fasern gefarbt wurden. Zwischen diesen Klumpchen bestanden hier und da 

 kleine Ansammlungen von Sarkolemmkernen. Sonst wurde aber keine Ver- 

 mehrung der Zellen bezw. eine rundzellige Infiltration nachgewiesen." 



In experimental scurvy of monkeys, Hart ('12) described typical intra- 

 muscular hemorrhages, and also some peculiar granules, the staining reactions 

 of which indicated a calcium content. 



Jackson and Moore ('16) stated that the degenerative lesions found in the 

 muscles of the guinea pig in scurvy are independent of the intramuscular hemor- 

 rhages. Hojer ('24) found hemorrhages, atrophy of the muscle fibers, and 

 necroses with calcification. 



Aqueous Inanition. — Longet ('68) stated that the autopsy of a man after 

 death from thirst shows disappearance of fat and marked emaciation in the 

 musculature. Schuchardt ('47) in pigeons on dry diet with loss of 44 per cent 

 in body weight noted an apparent loss of 37 per cent in the pectoral musculature. 

 Nothwang ('91) in pigeons after death from thirst found the muscles apparently 

 well preserved and dark red in color. Scheffer ('52) and Falck and Scheffer 

 ('54) found in a dog on dry diet an apparent loss of 20 per cent in body weight 

 and of 29 per cent in the musculature. 



In histological structure, Pernice and Scagliosi ('95a) observed that in a dog 

 subjected to a dry diet the muscle fibers are pale, poorly stainable, somewhat 

 homogeneous in appearance, with indistinct striations. The fibrillae appear 

 attenuated; the nuclei are numerous and some show mitosis. In chickens under 

 similar conditions, the skeletal muscle shows occasional slight hemorrhages, with 

 partial loss of striation. The interstitial stroma presents a round cell infiltra- 

 tion. As previously mentioned, this occurs also in the muscles during rickets 

 and scurvy, but rarely in total inanition. It may represent an inflammatory 

 reaction to toxic substances in the circulation. 



The foregoing investigators found also a marked drying of the musculature 

 which in many cases was measured by chemical analysis. Straub ('99) observed 

 a loss of 20 per cent in the water content of the musculature in dogs subjected 

 to aqueous inanition on a dry diet. Durig ('01) in frogs deprived of water by 

 exsiccation found that the organs vary much in their loss in weight and in water 

 content, the musculature losing most heavily. Similarly in dogs subjected to 

 experimental diarrhea, with loss of 25-30 per cent in body weight, Tobler 

 ('10) noted that the skin and musculature suffer most, losing up to 50 per cent 

 of their water. The water content of the viscera is much less affected. 



The loss of weight in the skeletal musculature of rats on a dry diet was noted 

 by Kudo ('21, '21a), as shown in Tables 9 and 10. In adult rats in the acute 

 thirst series with average loss of 36 per cent in body weight, the musculature lost 

 33 per cent; in the chronic thirst series, the body lost 52 per cent and the muscu- 

 lature 61 per cent. In young rats held at nearly constant body weight by a 

 dietary deficiency of water for 1-13 weeks, there was a loss of about 5-7 per 

 cent in the musculature of the various groups. 



