164 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



lower, and the diaphragm less than either. In an emaciated (tuberculous) 

 man of 39 years, the perineal musculature was atrophied, apparently more than 

 that of the extremities. (The children will be mentioned later.) 



Adult Animal. — In adult pigeons on total inanition with average loss of 40.4 

 per cent in body weight, Chossat ('43) found the loss in the skeletal musculature 

 to be very slightly greater, averaging 42.3 per cent. Bidder and Schmidt ('52) 

 in a cat with loss of 50 per cent in body weight found an apparent loss of about 

 67 per cent in the musculature. In various mammals, Bourgeois ('70) noted 

 that the musculature during inanition loses slightly more (relatively) than the 

 whole body, the loss in dry weight averaging about 45 per cent. The trunk 

 muscles appear to lose relatively more than those of the neck and limbs, confirm- 

 ing Collard de Martigny (1828) and Chossat ('43). 



C. Voit ('66) found during starvation in the cat a loss in the musculature 

 relatively slightly less than that in the whole body; while Sedlmair ('99) found it 

 slightly greater. In the dog, a relative loss in the musculature slightly greater 

 than that in the body as a whole was found by C. Voit ('94), Kumagawa ('94), 

 and E. Voit ('05, '05a). In the rabbit, Pfeiffer ('87) found the musculature to 

 lose relatively somewhat less than the whole body; Weiske ('97) found the rela- 

 tive loss slightly greater than in the whole body; while Voit ('05) found it nearly 

 unchanged in relative weight. Jackson ('15) in albino rats on acute inanition 

 found an average loss of ^t, per cent in body weight and of 31 per cent in the 

 musculature; while in chronic inanition, with body loss of 36 per cent the muscu- 

 lature lost 41 per cent in weight (Table 4). 



Gaglio ('84) noted a loss of 85 per cent in the musculature of a frog starved 

 with loss of 56 per cent in body weight. In leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) with 

 previous losses in body weight up to 50-60 per cent, Ott ('24) found that the loss 

 in the musculature always relatively exceeds that of the body in the male. In 

 the female, the loss in the musculature is even greater in the earlier stages of 

 inanition, but later it more nearly corresponds to that in the body as a whole 

 (Table 6). There is a progressive decrease in the percentage of dry substance 

 in the musculature. 



Certain special conditions of total inanition require attention. In 3 mar- 

 mots hibernating an average of 166 days, with loss of 35.5 per cent in body 

 weight, Valentin ('57) observed an average evident loss of 30.3 per cent in the 

 musculature, the loss being apparently more rapid in the earlier part of the 

 period. Miescher ('80, '97) found that in the fasting Rhine salmon, the sex 

 glands develop at the expense of the musculature, which may lose over 50 

 per cent in weight. The superficial lateral trunk musculature is attacked (his- 

 tology mentioned later), while the remaining muscles appear relatively unaf- 

 fected. Changes in the weight of the fasting salmon are also given by Gillespie 

 (Paton '98). In the Pacific salmon, Greene ('i3-'i9) likewise found a loss of 

 40-50 per cent in weight of the musculature during the fasting period of 

 migration. 



An apparently comparable condition exists in the frog, as observed by Gaule 

 ('01), in which the musculature reaches its maximum weight during the summer 

 feeding period (July-August). It declines to a minimum during the winter 



