EFFECTS ON THE VISUAL APPARATUS 213 



In adult animals, Collard de Martigny ('28) noted a depression of the cornea, 

 which might indicate an atrophic collapse of the eyeball during starvation, but 

 there is no evidence by weights to support this idea. Chossat ('43) observed 

 even an apparent increase of about 5 per cent in the average weight of the eye- 

 balls in starved pigeons. Schuchardt's ('47) data indicate a slight loss in the 

 eyeballs of starved pigeons. Bidder and Schmidt ('52) found an apparent loss 

 of 68 per cent in the orbital contents of a starved cat, but this included the 

 orbital fat, muscles, etc., as well as the eyeball. Valentin ('57) published data 

 indicating an apparent loss of 8.6 per cent in the average weight of the eyeballs 

 in 3 hibernating marmots, with loss of 35.5 per cent in body weight. In 47 

 adult rabbits, with average loss of about 39 per cent in body weight, Manassein 

 ('68, '69) found the weight of the eyeballs practically unchanged (increase of 

 1 per cent). Bourgeois ('70) likewise found practically no loss in the weight of 

 the eyeballs during starvation in rabbits, guinea pigs, cats and dogs, which was 

 confirmed by Voit ('94) for the dog, by Sedlmair ('99) for the cat, and by 

 Cattaneo^'oo) for the rabbit. Bich ('95) found the weight of the eyeballs 

 usually increased (ascribed to edema) in dogs either on total inanition or on 

 water alone. 



Jackson ('15) noted an average apparent loss of only 4 per cent in the weight 

 of the eyeballs in adult albino rats during acute inanition (on water only), and 

 a loss of 6 per cent during chronic (incomplete total) inanition (Table 4). 



Ott ('24) found that in frogs during hibernation and subsequent inanition 

 with loss up to 60 per cent in body weight, the eyeballs remain nearly constant 

 in weight up to the later stages. Then they present an increase in weight, 

 reaching 12 per cent in the males and 22 per cent in the females (Table 6). This 

 increase is not due merely to absorption of water. 



Manassein ('69) recorded the weight of the Harderian glands in fasting 

 rabbits. In 47 adult rabbits with average loss of about 39 per cent in body 

 weight, there was an apparent loss of 28 per cent in the glands. In 8 younger 

 fasting rabbits (3% months old) with body loss of about ^3 per cent, the glands 

 apparently lost only 2 per cent; and in 3 rabbits 23-25 days old, with loss of 

 35 per cent in body weight, the glands apparently increased 22 per cent in 

 weight. These glands were also found 22 per cent above normal weight in 5 

 (adult) rabbits which had been fully refed after a period of inanition. The 

 large weights (usually nearly 1 g., often more, for the normal) recorded by 

 Manassein for these glands, however, raises the suspicion that they may not 

 have been the Harderian glands. Krause (Anatomie des Kaninchens, Lpz., 

 1868) gave the weight of the Harderian gland of the rabbit as 0.06 g.; of the 

 (closely associated) infraorbital salivary gland as 0.15 g.; of the parotid as 

 1.1 g. 



As to structural changes in the eyeballs of animals during inanition, Bour- 

 geois ('70) observed that in starved mammals (guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and 

 dogs) the cornea is flaccid and opaque, but does not present ulceration and 

 perforation, such as has often been observed in human starvation. Healing 

 of corneal wounds during inanition is imperfect. Carville and Bochefontaine 

 ('74, '75) stated that in a starved dog the orbital fat is replaced by a gelatinous 



