EFFECTS ON THE BLOOD 253 



Trowbridge, Moulton and Haigh ('15, '18, '19) and Moulton ('20) observed 

 the composition and quantity of (escaped) blood in cattle on different planes of 

 nutrition. 



Whipple and Hooper ('18) and Whipple, Hooper and Robscheit ('20) found 

 some regeneration of erythrocytes in dogs with anemia due to hemorrhage, 

 even during total inanition. Protein for regeneration in this case is apparently 

 derived from the breaking down of other tissues. 



Utheim ('21, '22) observed in fasting rabbits a decrease in the blood volume 

 (through loss of water); but in young rabbits held at maintenance by under- 

 feeding, the blood volume rapidly returns to normal. Ikeda ('22) studied the 

 blood of rabbits in various stages of total complete and incomplete inanition, 

 finding a transient increase in the leukocyte (especially the lymphocyte) count, 

 followed by a progressive decrease. The number depends upon the rate of 

 regeneration in the lymphoid organs. There is in the earlier stages of fasting a 

 lipemia, which is expressed by a transient fatty infiltration of the liver and 

 kidney. Okuneff ('22) similarly explained the deposition of cholesterin lipoids 

 in the suprarenal cortex, liver and spleen as a result of the cholesterinemia in 

 the blood of fasting rabbits. 



Moehl ('22) found anemia (frequently pernicious anemia) among underfed 

 horses. 



Fisch and Emmel ('24) observed no significant change in the erythrocyte 

 count of albino rats during acute inanition, but polychromasia and reticulation 

 (normally present in a small percentage of erythrocytes) disappeared. At 108 

 hours of acute inanition, Streicher and Emmel ('24) found an average decrease 

 of 31 per cent in the total leukocyte count, associated with a relative neutro- 

 phile increase, a pronounced lymphocytic decrease, and a 75 per cent decrease 

 in the azurophile granulation in the lymphoid cells. These results differ 

 markedly from those during lactation leukopenia, which is apparently an 

 independent phenomenon. 



Some observations upon the blood during hibernation have been recorded. 

 Prunelle (181 1) noted that in hibernating mammals the peripheral blood tends 

 to collect in the central portion of the body (confirmed by Baroncini and Beretta 

 '01). Valentin ('38) found the total blood volume relatively unchanged in the 

 hibernating marmot. He also discovered ('65, '8i) that the white corpuscles 

 have nearly disappeared from the blood, which he ascribed to stasis 

 in the lymph stream. He also noted a decrease in the size and number of 

 the red blood cells. Quincke ('82) observed a decrease of about 30 per cent 

 (to 3 1/2 millions) in the red cell count; these cells being normal in form, but of 

 various sizes, some containing yellow droplets. 



In the hibernating hedgehog, Carlier ('92) found the red cell count unchanged 

 or increased. The leukocytes, however, undergo a remarkable decrease from 

 18 or 20 thousand down to 1-3 thousand. They emigrate out into the connec- 

 tive tissue, being found abundant in the gastric mucosa and submucosa. 



Pappenheim ('01) observed no anemia in the blood of hibernating spermo- 

 philes, and no degenerative changes in the red bone marrow. Argaud and Billard 

 (,'n) induced dormice to hibernate in summer by starvation. After 10 days 



