254 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



only a few leukocytes, and these of the mononuclear type, were found in the 

 blood. 



Polimanti ('13) found in the hibernating marmot an increased red cell 

 count, due to concentration of the blood; but a decrease in leukocytes. 

 Rasmussen ('16) and Rasmussen and Rasmussen ('17) in hibernating marmots 

 found but little change in the relative blood volume, or in the red cell and plate- 

 let counts. The number of circulating leukocytes is reduced about one-half. 

 On feeding and drinking after awakening, the normal blood count is restored, 

 but no digestion leukocytosis is found. 



(B) Effects of Partial Inanition 



The effects of partial inanition upon the blood will be considered under 

 deficiencies of protein (including malnutritional edema and pellagra), salts 

 (including rachitis), vitamins (including beriberi and scurvy), and water. The 

 malnutrition during infantile atrophy is doubtless frequently a mixed deficiency, 

 involving one or more forms of partial inanition, although it was classified under 

 total inanition in the previous section. 



Protein Deficiency. — For reasons previously given, malnutritional edema 

 and pellagra are classified under protein deficiency, although their etiology is 

 still somewhat uncertain. 



Various earlier experiments (Verdeil '49, Subbotin '71, et al.) upon the dog 

 with bread or similar protein-poor diets indicated a production of anemia. Voit 

 and his school held that the hemoglobin content of the blood varies according 

 to the protein content of the diet. Von Hosslin ('82), however, found but 

 little difference in the blood of dogs on protein-rich or protein-poor diet. 



Morozoff ('97) concluded that in man a meatless diet causes an increase in 

 red cell count, but a decrease in the leukocytes. 



Boycott and Chisholm ('n) observed marked variation in the normal red 

 cell count for rats, with no significant change on various (especially protein- 

 poor) diets causing marked loss in body weight. 



Whipple and Hooper ('18) and Whipple, Hooper and Robscheit ('20) found 

 that the regeneration of blood in dogs following hemorrhage is much less with 

 a diet of sugar, gliadin or casein, than with a diet containing hemoglobin, 

 gelatin or meat. No single amino-acid appears to determine the blood regenera- 

 tion. Geiling and Green ('21) likewise found that in rats blood regeneration 

 after hemorrhage is markedly retarded on diets poor in protein, vitamins or 

 salts. Rubner ('19) stated that the lowered birth rate in Germany during the 

 war was probably due to the lack of protein in the diet which prevented normal 

 regeneration of the red blood cells, thereby interfering with normal menstrua- 

 tion and fertilization. 



During malnutritional edema, anemia is almost constantly observed. This 

 was noted by Vacker ('71) in the malnourished children during the siege of 

 Paris. During the recent world war, hydremic anemia associated with edema 

 was observed by Woltmann ('16), Budzynski and Chelchowski ('16), Maase 

 and Zondek ('i7),Lange ('i7),Landa('i7), Knack and Neumann ('17), Gerhartz 



