EFFECTS ON THE LYMPH AND LYMPHATIC GLANDS 267 



fibrous tissue. They are large and occasionally multinucleated. The cyto- 

 plasm contains numerous yellow or brownish pigment granules (iron-containing), 

 also fragments of degenerated tissue cells and of erythrocytes, etc. The 

 macrophages become less numerous after hibernation and are distinct from the 

 phagocytic giant cells of the spleen. During hibernation there is also an 

 increase in plasma cells of the lymph nodes, which nearly disappear elsewhere, 

 excepting in the tongue. 



(B) Effects of Partial Inanition 



A few observations have been recorded upon changes in the lymphatic 

 glands during deficiencies of protein, fats and carbohydrates, salts, vitamins and 

 water. 



During pellagra (classified as a protein deficiency), Kozowsky ('12) noted 

 hyalin changes in the blood vessels of the lymph-nodes. Harris ('19) noted 

 cirrhosis of the lymph-nodes, with increased pigment and decreased parenchy- 

 matous elements. 



In human malnutritional edema, Schittenhelm and Schlecht ('19) found the 

 mesenteric lymph glands somewhat swollen. 



In rats with edema produced by diets deficient in protein and fats, Kohman 

 ('20) found usually a congestion of the lymph glands, especially the cervical 

 glands. 



Lefholz ('23) continued the work of Settle, who noted an apparent hyper- 

 trophy of the lymphoid organs of kittens on a diet rich in fat and calories. The 

 palatine and pharyngeal tonsils and especially the intestinal (aggregated) 

 follicles were found to become nearly twice as large on diets high in protein or 

 sugar and also in calories; while if the excess calories are given in the form of fat, 

 these organs become nearly 3 times the normal size. The mesenteric lymph 

 glands also appear larger on a diet rich in fat than on one rich in sugar or 

 protein. Other lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus and cervical lymph glands) 

 show no constant response to variations in diet. There is some evidence 

 indicating a reciprocal relationship in the size of these organs, so that if one is 

 unusually small, the other will be large, thus making a tendency to uniform 

 total amount of the lymphoid tissue. 



In human rickets, enlargement of the mesenteric lymph glands was observed 

 by Whistler (1645) an d (slightly) by Glisson (1650). Seibold (1827) noted 

 hardening of the lymph glands at autopsy. Dickinson ('69), Comby '(01) 

 and Cheadle and Poynton ('07) found the lymph glands often swollen, and 

 Jenner ('95) found "albuminoid infiltration" of these and other organs. Woh- 

 lauer ('11) concluded that the lymph glands are usually swollen (especially the 

 cervical, axillary and inguinal) ; although Frolich ascribes the swelling to infec- 

 tious complications. Pfaundler ('22) states that in rickets the lymphoid tissue 

 is markedly hypertrophied throughout the body. No data were found concern- 

 ing the lymphatic glands in experimental rickets of animals. 



Beriberi. — According to Cyr ('69), Tiedemann produced in animals by faulty 

 diet a disease resembling beriberi, in which the lymphatic glands appeared swol- 



