268 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



len. McCarrison ('21) noted atrophy of the lymphoid structures in the intes- 

 tines of polyneuritic pigeons. In monkeys on autoclaved rice diet, although the 

 lymphoid nodules in the colon were frequently swollen, the lymphoid cells of 

 the intestinal mucosa in general were greatly reduced in number. The mesen- 

 teric glands, especially those of the colon were invariably much enlarged (from 

 toxic absorption). 



Cramer, Drew and Mottram ('21, '21a) found that diets deficient in vitamins 

 (especially vitamin B) produce in rats and mice a marked atrophy of lymphoid 

 tissue thoughout the body, associated with lymphopenia in the circulating blood. 

 Peyer's patches become very atrophic, and the ordinary lymph glands, even 

 though not macroscopically decreased in size, are found histologically almost 

 free from lymphocytes. "They consist almost entirely of endothelial cells and 

 large empty lymph-spaces." They hold that there is a specific relation between 

 vitamin B and the nutrition of lymphoid tissue. 



In human beriberi, Strong and Crowell ('12) found no enlargement of the 

 superficial, cervical or mesenteric lymph of glands. The mesenteric glands were 

 small. Tasawa ('15), however, mentioned hypertrophy of the gastrointestinal 

 lymphatic apparatus as characteristic of human beriberi. Nagayo ('23) states 

 that lymphatic hypertrophy is a characteristic distinguishing human beriberi 

 from experimental polyneuritis, in which lymphatic atrophy occurs. 



In human scurvy, Lind (1772) frequently observed swollen and purulent 

 axillary and mesenteric lymph glands. Sato and Nambu ('c8) found the mesen- 

 teric glands often hemorrhagic, especially when intestinal ulcerations were 

 present; also an increase of intestinal lymphoid tissue. Aschoff and Koch ('19) 

 likewise noted that the inguinal lymph glands frequently showed blood in the 

 peripheral lymph sinus, or hematogenous pigment in the stroma. "Weiter- 

 hin ist ein haufiger Befund der Sinuskatarrh der Lymphdrtisen; die Sinus sind 

 erweitert und vorwiegend mit abgestossenen und verfetteten Sinusepithelien 

 prall ausgefiillt, doch tritt die Beteiligung von Leukozyten ganz zuriick. Auch 

 Oedem der Lymphknoten wird ofters beobachtet." 



Jackson and Moore ('16) observed swollen axillary and inguinal lymph 

 nodes in experimental scurvy of guinea pigs. Hess ('20), however, who has 

 recently reviewed the subject, concludes that this enlargement probably occurs 

 only in advanced cases complicated by general infection. As a rule, the 

 enlargement is confined to nodes draining areas where hemorrhage has occurred. 

 On section such nodes appear reddish or brownish on account of the contained 

 blood pigment; sometimes the peripheral sinus is distended with pigment- 

 laden cells. Where secondary infection has occurred, extensive necrosis of the 

 glands may result, especially in the mesenteric nodes when severe intestinal 

 lesions are present. Hojer ('24) describes lymphoid atrophy in advanced cases. 



Thirst. — In a dog which died after 11 days on a diet of dry bread, Pernice 

 and Scagliosi ('95a) found the lymph nodes all hyperemic, with distended blood 

 vessels. The lymphoid cells are less numerous, especially in the medulla, so 

 the septa appear thicker and the reticulum more distinct. The intestinal 

 lymphoid areas are also hyperemic. Similar changes were noted in the lymph 

 glands of 3 young chickens on dry maize diet. 



