310 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



in nuclear size is especially striking. After n days of inanition, both chief and 

 parietal cells are enlarged. The parietal cells now often are adjacent to the 

 lumen; their nuclei are chromatin-poor and the cytoplasm vacuolated. 



Paira-Mall ('oo) found that in birds the gastric gland cells after fasting 2 

 days usually contain more secretory granules (in agreement with Langley). 

 The lumina of the compound glands appear distended with secretion during 

 digestion, but are smaller and collapsed in the fasting animals. 



Beguin ('02) described the epithelium of the gastric and intestinal mucosa of 

 reptiles, in relation to digestion and hunger. Kahle ('13) investigated the 

 changes in the gastric glands of the tortoise (Testudo graeca) after various 

 periods of fasting and refeeding. There are changes in the cell size, nuclear 

 position, and cytoplasmic granules. He cited observations upon the frog by 

 Langley and Sewall. 



Jacquet and Jourdanet ('12) described the changes (especially in the ergasto- 

 plasm) of the gastric glands in the dog during fasting (2 days) and refeeding. 



Changes in the Migrating Salmon. — These are of especial interest because 

 the salmon apparently takes little or no food during its migration up the rivers to 

 the breeding places. Miescher-Ruesch ('80) found the stomach and esophagus 

 folded and contracted in fish taken at Basel, on the Rhine, in contrast with the 

 distended condition in those taken from the sea. A slimy substance with shed 

 epithelial cells was noted on the surface of the mucosa. Miescher ('97) 

 described the histological changes in the salmon during this period. Stone 

 ('97) stated that when the Quinnat salmon enters the fresh water, the appetite 

 weakens, the throat gradually becomes narrowed and the stomach shrunken, 

 so as to become entirely incapacitated for receiving food. Gulland ('98) and 

 Paton ('98) described a desquamative catarrh of the gastrointestinal mucosa in 

 the migrating salmon. Brown ('98) concluded that this was chiefly a postmor- 

 tem change, but described certain other histological changes in the gastric and 

 intestinal mucosa. Greene ('10) confirmed the observation of Rutter (Bull. 

 U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1902, 22:122-) that the digestive tract of the Pacific 

 salmon decreases markedly in size during the migratory fasting period. The 

 whole question of fasting in the river salmon has recently been reviewed exten- 

 sively by Heitz ('18). 



Changes during Hibernation. — Valentin ('57) found an apparent loss of 14.6 

 per cent in the weight of the stomach in the marmot after 44 days of hibernation 

 (body loss of 8.3 per cent); while the average loss after 166 days was 47 per cent 

 (body loss 35.5 per cent). 



In the hibernating hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), Carlier ('92) found but 

 few changes in the tongue, although the tissues (as elsewhere) appeared to 

 stain less intensely and the glands appear inactive. In the stomach, the cardiac 

 gland cells appear smaller and more granular. The cells lining the ducts become 

 swollen, apparently through accumulation of mucinogen. There is a thin layer 

 of mucus, and epithelial debris on the surface of the gastric mucosa. Wandering 

 cells (migrated leukocytes) in large numbers infiltrate the stroma of the mucosa 

 and submucosa, corresponding to the decrease in blood leukocytes. These 



