

EFFECTS ON THE ALIMENTARY CANAL 3II 



migrated leukocytes degenerate and are removed by macrophages. Plasma 

 cells are scarce in the canal below the esophagus. 



Changes in the gastric glands during hibernation were described also by R. 

 and A. Monti ('03) in the marmot, and by Corti (,'03) in bats. Reese ('13, 

 '13a) found no significant changes in the alimentary canal (tongue, palate, 

 esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum) of the alligator after 4 or 5 months 

 of hibernation. 



(B) Effects of Partial Inanition on the Stomach 



Comparatively few data are available concerning changes in the stomach 

 during the various types of partial inanition. 



McCarrison ('19, '21) has emphasized the atrophic and degenerative changes 

 in the alimentary canal of monkeys on autoclaved rice diet (mixed deficiency of 

 protein, vitamins, etc.). These include: 



" (a) Congestive, necrotic and inflammatory changes in the mucous 

 membrane; sometimes involving the entire tract, sometimes limited to 

 certain areas. 



" (b) Degenerative changes in the neuromuscular mechanism of the tract, 

 tending to dilatation of the stomach, ballooning of areas of small and large 

 bowel, and probably also to intussusception. 



" (c) Degenerative changes in the secretory elements of the tract of the 

 gastric glands, the pyloric glands, the glands of Brunner, the glands of Lieber- 

 kiihn, and of the mucous glands of the colon. These changes are such as must 

 cause grave derangement of digestive and assimilative processes. 



" (d) Toxic absorption of the diseased bowel, as evidenced by the changes in 

 the mesenteric glands. 



"(e) Impairment of the protective resources of the gastrointestinal mucosa 

 against infecting agents, due to hemorrhagic infiltration, to atrophy of the 

 lymphoid cells, and to imperfect production of gastrointestinal juices." 



In persons malnourished through war famine (deficiency in calories and 

 vitamins), Reiss ('21) found the stomach usually atonic with hypoacidity. 

 (Curschmann found hyperacidity, however.) In autopsies on cases of edema 

 disease (due chiefly to protein deficiency), Schittenhelm and Schlecht ('18) 

 twice observed marked congestion of the blood vessels in the gastrointestinal 

 mucosa, with numerous hemorrhages, especially in the small intestine. 



Sundwall ('17) in monkeys and rats on corn-meal and similar diets (mixed 

 deficiency of protein, etc.) found congestion of all layers in the gastrointestinal 

 tract, atrophy of the muscle coat, hemorrhages, ulcerations and superficial 

 erosions of the epithelium. 



In pellagra, digestive disturbances are prominent, with the usual changes in 

 the gastrointestinal canal (Roberts '12; Boyd '20). In lamziekte in cattle, 

 Hedinger ('15) described hyperemia of the gastrointestinal mucosa, with enter- 

 itis and hemorrhages. 



During chlorine hunger in dogs, gastric hemorrhages were observed by 

 Cahn ('86). 



