336 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



pig, mouse, hedgehog) appears in general to decrease during inanition. An 

 atrophy of the cells and nuclei was also found. 



Traina ('04) investigated the fat content in the liver-cells and other organs 

 of man and the rabbit during inanition. He distinguished two types of fat (1) 

 "wandering" or "usable" fat, the ordinary fat of the adipose tissue, etc., which 

 is greatly reduced by starvation; (2) the "sessile" or "permanent" in the form 

 of granules (resembling the lipochromes) which appear to constitute a constant 

 and integral part of the cytoplasm in most gland cells. This epithelial fat in 

 general appears very resistant to inanition, except in the liver, which shows a 

 marked decrease. 



Koiransky ('04) described in the amphibian liver-cells some peculiar chro- 

 matic-bodies, which he thought might have a secretory or nutritive significance. 

 Pugliese ('04, '05) found that the liver in fasting dogs loses relatively less than 

 the body as a whole. On refeeding, the liver gains in weight with extraordinary 

 rapidity, due chiefly to increase in glycogen content. The morphological 

 changes in the liver-cells were found similar to those described by Morpurgo. 



Carlier ('05) in white rats during short fasting periods described changes 

 in the liver-cells which were interpreted as of functional significance. 



Jomier ('05) found that the liver-cells in most fasting dogs show no glycogen 

 after 8^ days; the amount varies normally according to diet. Ingested fat 

 appears in the liver of the dog in 5-7 hours, or 7-9 hours in the rabbit. It 

 disappears slowly, and is still present after 5-8^ days; but the amount is 

 not proportional to the length of the fast. The maximum amount is found in 

 10 hours (Deflandre) . The glycogen granules likewise persist in variable amount 

 for several days, especially in the dog. An increase of hepatic fat during short 

 fasts (up to 8J2 days) was also noted by Gilbert and Jomier ('04) in the dog, 

 and to a less extent in the rabbit. They thought this might be correlated with 

 the increase in blood-fat noted by Schulz, Daddi and others. Gilbert and 

 Jomier ('05, '05a) found that in fasting rabbits the hepatic glycogen practically 

 disappears in 2-4 days, though sometimes it persists longer. In dogs, it 

 was similarly variable. 



Gilbert and Jomier ('06, '07, '08, '09) described in the liver of dogs and 

 rabbits, after Flemming's fixation, two types of gland cells (1) large and clear, 

 (2) small and dark, which appear to behave differently during inanition, but 

 show no characteristic differences on various diets. Bernard and Loederich 

 ('08) claimed that the "clear" cells are due to their glycogen content, which 

 was disputed by Gilbert and Jomier, and by Ramond ('08) and Rathery ('09). 



Mosse ('06) found that the cytoplasm of the liver-cells in dogs nephrecto- 

 mized or starved 65-67 hours is more basophilic, which he ascribed to acidosis. 



Gerhartz ('06) found the liver of Rana escidenta apparently reduced from 

 0.87 g. to 0.62 g. in 3 months of starvation, and to 0.45 g. in 4^ months. 

 Roger ('07) studied the changes in water content of the liver and other 

 organs in fasting and refed rabbits. 



In starved cats Beeli ('08) found the liver soft and greatly diminished in 

 size; the hepatic gland cells variably atrophic, many (also occasionally the 

 endothelial cells ) with pycnotic nuclei. In some cases fat globules appeared 



