154 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



it is easy to produce in young guinea pigs a disorder which in every essential 

 respect corresponds to that found in human infantile scurvy. They worked 

 out the gross and microscopic changes (including the skeletal) with great care. 

 They also compared the lesions with those found during ordinary starvation 

 (water only), in which the mucoid degeneration of the marrow is similar, but 

 the other changes (hemorrhage, etc.) different. For details, see Hojer ('24). 



The results of Hoist and Frolich in guinea pig scurvy have been confirmed 

 and extended by Jackson and Moore ('16), Chick, Hume and Skelton ('18), 

 Tozer ('18), and others. Howe ('21) obtained softened skull bones and enlarged 

 joints in guinea pigs on vitamin-poor diets,but the relation to scurvy is uncertain. 



Ingier ('13, '15) made an extensive study of the effect of a scorbutic diet 

 upon the fetus in pregnant guinea pigs. There aje marked individual varia- 

 tions, but the skeletal changes appear greatest in the earlier fetal stages. The 

 earlier fetuses usually die showing marked evidence of inhibited growth. 

 Fetuses from later periods of pregnancy are born alive with comparatively 

 slight skeletal changes. The pregnant mothers also suffer severely, especially 

 in the earlier stages of gestation. 



Experimental scurvy, in all essential respects apparently identical with 

 human scurvy, was also produced by K. Hart ('12) in young monkeys fed on 

 condensed milk. The entire skeleton is affected in typical fashion, although 

 there are marked individual variations. These results on the monkey were 

 fully confirmed by C. Hart and Lessing ('13) and by Talbot, Todd and Peterson 

 ('13). In both cases, they confirmed Fraenkel as to the constancy of the "white 

 line," which appears on the X-ray negative in the area of increased density at 

 the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis. (Hess doubts the diagnostic value 

 of this sign.) More recently, Harden and Zilva ('19a) have also produced 

 typical scurvy in monkeys, and noted the histological changes in the costochon- 

 dral joints. 



In contrast with the striking success in producing experimental scurvy in 

 the guinea pig and monkey, the results in other species of animals have been 

 largely negative. Hoist and Frolich failed with the rat, mouse and cat. Mc- 

 Clendon, Cole, Engstrand and Middlekauff ('19) fed oats to a rabbit for 9 

 months, resulting merely in fragility of the bones. Findlay ('21b) likewise 

 obtained merely loss in weight, excepting the offspring (above mentioned). 

 As noted by Hess ('20), other evidence indicates that birds, pigs and cattle 

 likewise show little or no susceptibility to scurvy. These are striking examples 

 of the marked nutritional differences between species. 



Aqueous Inanition. — Schuchardt ('47) found an apparent loss of 7 per cent 

 in the bones of pigeons with loss of 44 per cent in body weight on a dry barley 

 diet. Falck and Scheffer ('54) noted an apparent loss of 5.3 per cent in the 

 ligamentous skeleton of a dog fed dry biscuit 4 weeks with loss of 20 per cent in 

 body weight. In adult albino rats, Kudo ('21) observed in the acute thirst 

 series (body loss 36.1 per cent) an average loss of 4.3 per cent in the ligamentous 

 skeleton and of 11.8 per cent in the cartilaginous skeleton. In the chronic 

 thirst series (body loss 52.4 per cent) the relations were reversed, the ligamentous 

 skeleton losing 10.3 per cent and the cartilaginous 5.0 per cent (Table 9). In 



