EFFECTS ON THE URINARY TRACT 381 



weight. In those underfed from birth for several weeks (resulting in greatly 

 supernormal kidneys) and subsequently refed to body weights of 25-75 g-> 

 Jackson and Stewart ('19) found the kidneys had nearly recovered their normal 

 proportionate weight in most cases, though sometimes still somewhat above 

 normal (Table 7). In those refed to adult size after variable periods of early 

 underfeeding, Jackson and Stewart ('20) noted nearly normal proportionate 

 weight of the kidneys, excepting one group still 22.5 per cent above normal 

 (Table 8). 



In steers on various planes of nutrition, Trowbridge, Moulton and Haigh 

 ('18) and Moulton, Trowbridge and Haigh ('22a, '22b) found the weight of the 

 kidneys in all cases nearly proportional to the body weight, regardless of the 

 plane of nutrition. 



Asada ('19) in rabbits on absolute inanition for 11-20 days with loss of 

 28-52 per cent in body weight found intense congestion in the small arteries and 

 capillaries of the kidney and other viscera. The renal and hepatic parenchyma 

 showed cloudy swelling, vacuolation and a variable degree of cell-atrophy, but 

 no fatty degeneration. 



Kittelson ('20) made a careful volumetric study of the cortex and the 

 medulla, together with counts of the total number of renal (Malpighian) 

 corpuscles in the kidneys of albino rats after underfeeding from birth to 3 or 6 

 weeks, and also upon refeeding. He found that during underfeeding, especially 

 when severe, the medulla is less retarded in growth than is the cortex. Normal 

 proportions are restored upon refeeding. During the shorter underfeeding 

 periods, the formation of new renal corpuscles ceases, although the anlages of 

 incompletely formed corpuscles become fully developed. The deficiency in the 

 number of corpuscles is apparently over-compensated by an increase in size of 

 the corpuscles. During the longer underfeeding periods, in which the body 

 weight and kidney weight were permitted to increase somewhat, the formation 

 of renal corpuscles continued until practically the normal total number was 

 reached. Refeeding after a period of underfeeding apparently results in a 

 hypertrophy of the renal corpuscles, and an increase in their number even 

 beyond the normal. 



Terroine ('20) made a careful study (primarily biochemical) of the various 

 fats in the various organs of the body. In the kidney (rabbit, dog, pigeon) 

 there appears to be no significant variation in fat-content, even up to 

 death from inanition. Okuneff ('22) investigated the morphology of lipoid 

 substances in various organs of fasting rabbits, but was unable to demonstrate 

 lipoids in the kidney-cells (in formalin-fixed frozen sections, stained with Sudan 

 or Nile blue sulphate). Okuneff ('23) described simple atrophic and degenera- 

 tive changes in the kidney-cells of fasting rabbits. In some cells the mito- 

 chondria appear to break up into granules, which may be transformed into 

 droplets, sometimes even "Lipoidentartung der Chondriosomen." 



Ott ('24) found that in the leopard frog {Rana pipiens), during hibernation 

 and subsequent fasting up to 60 per cent loss in body weight, the kidneys are 

 affected differently in the two sexes. In the male, the relative loss in weight 

 rarely exceeds that of the body; while in the female the relative loss is smaller, 



