386 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



usually normal, excepting congestion. In some cases the tubules show albumi- 

 nous or fatty degeneration, but no leukocytic infiltration. Padua ('19) found 

 urinary calculi relatively frequent in malnourished Filipinos, and especially 

 those with beriberi. Nagayo ('23) claimed that renal passive congestion occurs 

 in human beriberi but not in experimental polyneuritis. 



In experimental beriberi in white mice, cats, dogs, pigeons, and chickens, 

 Schnyder ('14) could find no marked change in the kidneys, excepting congestion 

 (stasis). Funk and Douglas ('14) and Douglas ('15), however, noted atrophy 

 and degeneration in the renal parenchyma of pigeons with beriberi. Tasawa 

 ('15) in chickens and pigeons found the kidneys sometimes hyperemic, some- 

 times anemic. Voegtlin and Lake ('19) found some degenerative changes in 

 the kidney of cats and rats on diets producing polyneuritis. 



McCarrison ('19, '19c, '21) in pigeons with polyneuritis on autoclaved rice 

 diet (deficient in vitamins; also in proteins, etc.) found the kidneys but slightly 

 changed in weight, and congested in 20 per cent of the cases. Histologically 

 there appeared slight degeneration with cloudy swelling in the epithelium, 

 and sometimes hemorrhagic extravasations. In monkeys on similar diets the 

 kidneys were variable in weight. 



In dogs on polished rice diet (producing polyneuritis), Brucco ('20) found in 

 the renal convoluted tubules marked fatty degeneration, but no atrophy (as 

 found in starvation). In pigeons and fowls with beriberi, however, Findlay 

 ('21) observed no fatty degeneration, but cloudy swelling of the cells in the 

 convoluted tubules, and congestion of the intertubular capillaries. In general, 

 the kidneys showed relatively slight atrophy (Table 13). Souba and Dutcher 

 ('22) and Souba ('23), on the other hand, obtained a marked loss in the weight 

 of the kidneys in young chickens on diets deficient in vitamin B, producing 

 polyneuritis and loss in body weight. Lopez-Lomba ('23) found the kidney 

 weight unchanged in adult pigeons on vitamin-free diet. 



In human scurvy (due to deficiency in vitamin C), Sato and Nambu ('08) 

 noted that kidneys are usually normal in size, sometimes showing subcapsular 

 hemorrhage. On section, the kidney appeared anemic. The urinary bladder 

 was normal. Aschoff and Koch ('19) found the scorbutic kidney variable, 

 with no characteristic changes. Interstitial and glomerular hemorrhages were 

 observed in a few cases. Hess ('20) reviewed the literature on scurvy, including 

 renal changes, of which congestion and hemorrhage appear most frequent. 



In experimental scurvy of animals, Hart ('12) mentioned renal hemorrhages 

 in scorbutic monkeys. 



McCarrison ('19b, '21) in scorbutic guinea pigs found congestion and ecchy- 

 moses of the urinary bladder, especially of the mucosa, with hematuria in 1 

 case. Histologically there appeared congestion in all the coats, with hemorrhagic 

 infiltration of the mucosa and degenerative changes in the lining epithelium. 

 La Mer and Campbell ('20) found some evidence of increased weight in the 

 kidneys of scorbutic guinea pigs. Bessesen ('23) described a progressive 

 increase in the kidney weight, amounting to 57.7 per cent above normal at death 

 from scurvy (Table 12). There was also a marked, but more irregular, increase 

 in the weight of the urinary bladder. Beginning even in the latent stage of 



