EFFECTS ON THE ALIMENTARY CANAL 317 



intestines of various starved animals. The mucosa appeared pale, otherwise 

 normal; as likewise noted by Falck ('75) in fasting dogs. 



In the fasting larvae of Rana tigrina and Bufo melanosticus, Cunningham 

 ('80) found general intestinal atrophy, the lymphoid nuclei being replaced by 

 masses of fatty and pigment granules. The changes begin in the upper intes- 

 tinal segments. The lining epithelium degenerates first in the middle portion, 

 and finally disappears completely. 



Isaew ('87) noted granular degeneration and vacuolation in the sympa- 

 thetic ganglion cells of the alimentary canal in starved dogs. Paneth ('88) 

 observed persistence of the goblet cells, and also the characteristic Paneth cells, 

 in the intestine of the mouse during fasting experiments. 



Hofmeister ('87) found a gradual decrease in the number of mitoses in the 

 intestinal lymphoid cells of cats during inanition up to 17 days. Morpurgo 

 ('89, '89a) observed no gross changes in the intestines of fasting rabbits (young 

 and adult), aside from atrophy of the solitary and agminated lymph nodules. 

 Mitoses were found in reduced number in the intestinal glands; also frequently 

 in the agminated lymph follicles, especially in the periphery. Mitoses also 

 occurred in the smooth muscle, especially in the younger animals. Morpurgo 

 ('90) found mitoses more numerous in refed animals, and slightly larger in 

 diameter (5.12^) than in the starved rabbits (4.89/x). 



In addition to the leukocytic infiltration found by Coen ('90) in the gastro- 

 intestinal mucosa of starved rabbits and kittens, he noted slight atrophic changes 

 in the glands of Lieberkuhn and of Brunner. He also cited changes observed 

 by previous investigators (Osborne, Taylor, Gaglio, Hofmeister and Mor- 

 purgo). 



Lazareff ('95), in 4 groups of fasting guinea pigs with losses of 10, 20, 30 

 and 36 per cent in body weight, noted corresponding losses of 0.5, 10.2, 10.5, 

 and 25.8 per cent in the weights of the intestines (Table 5), which is relatively 

 greater than the losses in stomach weight, but less than the losses in body 

 weight. 



The observations by Gulland ('98) and others upon the changes in the ali- 

 mentary canal of the migrating salmon were referred to above. 



Nikolaides ('99) found abundant fatty granules in the epithelium of the 

 intestine and various glands in fasting dogs. He interpreted these granules 

 as degenerative in character. 



Yung and Fuhrmann ('99?) discovered that long continued fasting causes 

 a shortening of the intestine of fishes, with disappearance of the associated fat, 

 thinning of the intestinal wall and decrease in the size of its cellular elements. 



Nemzer ('99) found that during starvation in white mice, with loss of 21 

 per cent in body weight, the loss in nuclear substance is greater in the intestines 

 than in the liver and kidneys. 



According to Morgulis ('23), Mingazzini ('00a) observed that during inani- 

 tion leukocytes infiltrate the intestinal mucosa and accumulate in the lumen, 

 where they ultimately disintegrate. 



Fede ('00a) subjected young puppies to chronic underfeeding. As in 

 atrophic infants, he found digestive disturbances with emaciation, intestinal 



