318 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



atrophy and decrease of cytoplasm, but never destruction of villi or glands. 

 His results were confirmed by Quattrochi ('01) who obtained atrophy with 

 mild inflammatory changes in the intestinal wall (small cell infiltration of 

 mucosa and submucosa). No ulcerations were found, and occasional absence 

 of the surface epithelium was ascribed to postmortem change. Very similar 

 results were obtained by Alessandrello ('02), Iapichino-Paterno ('02) and 

 Pagano ('06) in newborn or nursing puppies underfed in various degrees and 

 for various periods. 



Konstantinovitsch ('03) noted fat droplets in the intestinal epithelium of 

 starving rabbits, near the membrana propria. Kunizki ('04) stated that 

 starvation has no influence on the fermentative power of the intestinal juices. 

 Opie ('04) found a decreased number of eosinophiles in the intestinal wall of 

 guinea pigs during prolonged fasting. 



Bujard ('05) claimed that the different forms of the intestinal villi found 

 in various vertebrates are due to the type of nutrition (herbivorous, carnivorous, 

 etc.). Babak ('06) found it possible to vary the size and form of the gut in 

 frog larvae by variations in the diet, and concluded that the form is determined 

 by chemical rather than mechanical influences. Eggeling ('08), however, 

 doubted whether the structural differences in the intestine of the various teleost 

 fishes are due primarily to the mode of nutrition. 



Erdely ('05) studied the variations in the intestinal lymphoid tissue in rats 

 fasting (on water only) for 3-5 days, also on meat, fat and potato diets. He 

 described 5 types of cells in the mucosa, which vary in relative numbers during 

 inanition and on the different diets. Mitoses were rare during both fasting and 

 feeding. He confirmed Hofmeister and Heidenhain as to the general decrease 

 in the number of lymphoid cells during fasting, yet they may remain abundant 

 in places. The number of granular cells is also reduced by fasting, and likewise 

 the number of lymphocytes emigrating into the surface epithelium. The 

 lymphocytes were not found to be especially concerned with fat resorption. 



Yung ('05, '05a, '12) claimed that the marked shortening of the alimentary 

 canal in frog larvae (Rana escidenta and Rana fusca) during metamorphosis 

 is due to inanition, which also shortens the intestine of the adult about one- 

 eighth during hibernation. The shortening of the intestine in the tadpoles is 

 greater if no ingestion is permitted than if filter paper is swallowed, which proves 

 a mechanical factor (in addition to the chemical factor assumed by Babak). 



Ficker ('05) found that after certain periods of inanition there is, in the 

 rabbit, dog, cat, mouse and rat, an invasion of bacteria, apparently due to 

 increased permeability of the lining intestinal epithelium. 



Drzewina ('10) found that the eosinophile leukocytes, which are very numer- 

 ous in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa of certain teleost fishes (Labridae), 

 almost entirely disappear during fasting but reappear upon refeeding. In 

 Labrus and Crenilabrus fasting 15 days to 2 months, Drzewina ('12) observed a 

 few multinucleated giant cells among the surface epithelial cells of the villi, 

 and apparently formed by fusion of the neighboring epithelial cells. 



Morgulis ('11) made careful measurements of the surface epithelial cells of 

 the duodenum in Diemydylus viridescens during protracted inanition. There is 



