322 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



Daring hibernation, certain observations upon the shortening of the intestine 

 of the frog by Yung, and changes in the intestinal epithelium of the frog by 

 Griinhagen and Krohn('8c)) and of the hedgehog and bat by Corti ('06, '12) 

 were mentioned above. Carlier ('92) in the hibernating hedgehog (Erinaceus 

 europaeus) found an emigration of leukocytes into the mucosal stroma, as 

 described above for the stomach. Otherwise the intestine appears quiescent, 

 with but slight changes. Monti ('03) followed the changes in the intestine of 

 the hibernating marmot, and likewise found numerous leukocytes in the epi- 

 thelium and stroma. The mucosa in general appears quiescent, with no mitoses. 

 Luca ('05a) mentioned some observations by Ballowitz ('91) and others on the 

 mast cells during hibernation. 



(B) Effects of Partial Inanition on the Intestines 



These will include the effects of deficiencies in protein (including pellagra) , 

 fats, salts (including rickets), vitamins and water. 



Lefholz ('23) found that in kittens the lymphoid tissue of the alimentary 

 canal, including the agminated glands, solitary glands, tonsils, etc., is regulated 

 to some extent by the calories and the protein content of the diet, but especially 

 by the specific fat content. 



Rosenheim ('91) found catarrhal inflammation of the intestines in a dog on 

 protein-poor diet. Hoare ('15) likewise noted a chronic intestinal catarrh in an 

 edemic disorder of cattle on protein-poor diet. Chittenden and Underhill 

 ('17) observed a severe stomatitis with intestinal congestion, ulceration, etc. 

 in dogs on a protein-poor diet producing a condition somewhat resembling 

 pellagra. 



In human pellagra, varied intestinal disorders, with acute or chronic enteritis, 

 congestion and ulceration of the mucosa, atrophy of the muscular coat, etc., 

 have been noted by Fraenkel ('69~'7o), Tuczek ('93), Marie ('08, '10), Kozowsky 

 ('12), Raubitschek ('15) and Harris ('.19). Lynch ('17), in chronic cases, de- 

 scribed the intestinal mucosa as pale, mucus-covered and atrophic, with thinning 

 of the tunica muscularis. 



Wohlauer ('11) held that intestinal disorder is an important element in 

 human rickets. The abdomen is distended through intestinal meteorism, due 

 to enteritis, with either constipation or diarrhea. He states that Monti and 

 Vierordt ascribed an etiological significance to the intestinal disorder in rickets 

 (causing lessened absorption of calcium salts). Heubner ascribed the distension 

 to atony of the intestinal musculature. 



As previously mentioned, McCarrison ('19, '21) laid great emphasis upon 

 the intestinal lesions and disorders produced by variously defective diets, as 

 mentioned above, in connection with the stomach. 



Vitamins. — Emmett and Allen ('20) found that in the rat no special effect 

 was produced by lack of vitamin A, but portions of the intestine appeared 

 congested on diets deficient in vitamin B. In kittens, Mackay ('21) noted 

 abdominal distension, diarrhea and intestinal atrophy on diets deficient in 

 vitamin A. Cramer, Drew and Mottram ('21) claimed that deficiency of 



