3^2 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



observations were confirmed and extended by Heidenhain ('80, '83) who noted 

 the disappearance of the glycogen (by iodin tests). In fasting larvae of the 

 frog (Rana tigrina) and toad (Bujo melanosticus) , Cunningham ('80) observed 

 a full gall-bladder and a mass of yellowish-brown or reddish granules in the 

 liver-cells. The liver was greatly decreased in size. 



Mankowski ('82) noted atrophy of the liver in fasting rabbits, and Luciani 

 and Bufalini ('82) atrophy and apparently fatty degeneration in the liver of a 

 fasting dog. 



In a puppy starved 23 days, Ohlmuller ('82) cites Voit's observation of a 

 liver weight of 313 g., while in a full-fed litter-mate control the weight was 

 only 335 g. This is also stated by Voit ('94) and would indicate a relative 

 resistance to inanition in the liver of the young animal. 



Langley ('82, '86) described the changes in the liver-cells of the frog and 

 mammals in digestion and fasting. The cytoplasm of the vertebrate liver-cells 

 shows a honey-comb structure, enclosing granules (probably protein) and fat 

 droplets, together with a homogeneous substance probably containing protein 

 and glycogen. During fasting, the cytoplasmic network becomes more distinct, 

 with a reduction in the hyalin substance but definite granulation. The seasonal 

 changes in the frog's liver will be mentioned later. 



Afanassiew ('83) studied the changes in the liver-cells of dogs fasting 3 or 4 

 days and then killed or refed in various ways. In comparison with the condition 

 during digestion after full feeding, the liver-cells in fasting appear reduced about 

 one-half in average diameter, showing distinct granulation, but usually no 

 glycogen or fat droplets. 



Skoritschenko ('83) noted an average loss of 41.62 per cent in the weight of 

 the liver in 6 fasting rabbits (with or without water), with loss of 43.7 per cent 

 in the body weight. 



Gaglio ('84a) in frogs fasting 4 months to 1 year, found progressive decrease 

 in size with granular and fatty degeneration of the liver-cells. There appeared 

 also a cirrhosis, with increase of the perivascular and interlobular connective 

 tissue; also hyperemia, increased pigmentation, and apparent new formation of 

 bile-duct's. Barfurth ('85) found that in the summer frog 3-6 weeks of com- 

 plete inanition are required for the removal of the hepatic glycogen. 



Ranvier ('85) noted that, in the meshes of the cytoplasmic reticulum in the 

 hepatic cells of the rat, glycogen disappears after 48 hours of fasting, but gran- 

 ules of other materials are persistent. 



Popow ('85, '85a) observed atrophic granular, pigmentary and fatty degen- 

 eration in the liver-cells of starved rabbits and mice; on the other hand, some 

 regenerative phenomena were evident, such as increased number of nuclei and 

 proliferation of connective tissue. 



Ochotin ('85, '86) studied the progressive changes in the liver-cells of fasting 

 rabbits, finding cloudy swelling, granular and fatty degeneration. These 

 changes are scarcely apparent until the loss in body weight exceeds 13 per cent, 

 and are exceedingly variable in different cells, only a few showing the more 

 extreme changes. 



