EFFECTS ON THE LIVER 335 



inanition, the fat reappears first in the Kupffer cells in pigs, and in the vascular 

 endothelium of birds, being deposited later in the hepatic parenchyma. 



Weiske's ('97) data indicate a loss of over 50 per cent in the liver of fasting 

 rabbits with loss of 35-41 per cent in body weight. 



Lukianow ('97, '97a) made some extensive measurements on the hepatic 

 nuclei of mice fasting and on various diets, with loss of about 30 per cent in body 

 weight. On total (complete) inanition, the decrease in nuclear diameters 

 indicated an average decrease of 44.4 per cent in nuclear volume. The nuclear 

 decrease was less marked on the diets, averaging 39 per cent for peptone, 26.3 per 

 cent for sugar, 21.8 per cent for egg-albumin and only 6.3 per cent for fat. It 

 may be remarked that such extensive shrinkage of the nuclei (without degenera- 

 tion) during inanition is contrary to the results of other investigators, who 

 (excepting Beeli) have found that the nuclei of the liver (like those in other 

 organs), lose but slightly in volume. Nemzer ('99), however, found that in 

 fasting white mice the decrease in nucleins in the liver was greater than in the 

 kidney, but less than in the intestines. 



Gulland ('98) noted that the liver-cells in the salmon taken at the river 

 mouth contained much fat in the form of droplets, while there was little fat in 

 those after fasting during the ascent of the river. In both cases the gall-bladder 

 showed a "desquamative catarrh." 



Nikolaides ('99) observed the appearance of lipoidal granules in the liver 

 and other organs of dogs fasting 2-30 days, but they disappear before death 

 from starvation. He upheld the doctrine of metamorphosis of cell proteins 

 into 'fat. Lindemann ('99) and others supported the theory of fatty infiltration 

 rather than degeneration of the liver-cells during inanition. Elbe ('99) claimed 

 an increase in the hepatic fat of rabbits during the first two days of fasting, with 

 a decrease later. Schmaus and Albrecht ('99) described the liver-cell structure 

 in inanition and various diets. 



Sedlmair ('99) found that in starved rabbits the liver loses in weight rela- 

 tively more than the whole body. 



Arapow ('98, '01) claimed that in starvation the number of binucleated 

 hepatic cells in white mice is but slightly increased; but a larger number appears 

 on fat or sugar diet, and relatively most on albumin or peptone. 



Sjobring ('00) noted that in the liver-cells of rabbits fasting 24-48 hours the 

 mitochondria (chondriosomes), which normally appear as short rods, have 

 changed into large, round forms. 



Quattrochi ('01) found the liver small in nursing puppies placed on insuf- 

 ficient or improper diet, with loss of about one-fourth in body weight. Cruet 

 ('02) noted a loss of weight in the liver of starved guinea pigs nearly proportional 

 to the loss in body weight. 



Holmgren ('02) found that in the fasting hedgehog the "Saftkanalchen" of 

 the liver-cells become scarce or absent; but the "trophospongium" is persistent. 

 Certain changes on a carbohydrate diet were noted. 



Konstantinovitsch ('03) described a process of fatty infiltration (rather than 

 degeneration) which in the liver of various animals (lizard, frog, rabbit, guinea 



