EFFECTS ON THE PANCREAS AND SALIVARY GLANDS 349 



hours in all to complete digestion), and a subsequent fasting period. The 

 tissue was fixed by alcohol and stained with carmine or hematoxylin. Two 

 cell zones were described: an inner, poorly staining, granular one (next to the 

 lumen) ; and an outer, more deeply staining, homogeneous zone, with the nucleus 

 between the two zones. The granular inner zone is depleted in the first digestive 

 period, causing actual decrease in cell volume; but during the second digestive 

 period the granular zone is regenerated at the expense of the homogeneous zone, 

 and the entire cell increases in volume. During fasting also the granular inner 

 zone predominates; but in prolonged inanition the entire cell may diminish in 

 volume, with a relative increase in the outer zone. The nucleus also undergoes 

 certain changes in form and structure, being round during active digestion, but 

 becoming often oval with irregular borders during inanition. 



Ohlmuller ('82) and Voit ('94) recorded a weight of 37.7 g. in the pancreas 

 of a well-nourished control puppy, while in a starved litter mate (with loss of 

 about one-third in body weight) the pancreas weighed 26.6 g. In an adult 

 dog starved on water only, Luciani and Bufalini ('82) found the pancreas 

 atrophic and firm. 



Lewaschew ('86) described in the pancreas certain cell-groups which appear 

 intermediate between the islets and the secretory tubules. These intermediate 

 groups rarely appear during total inanition (in dogs and especially cats), but are 

 abundant in the well-fed, and apparently represent modified secretory acini. 

 Lukianow ('88, '89) studied the changes in weight and water content of the 

 pancreas and other organs in fasting pigeons. 



Morpurgo ('88, '89, '89a) found mitoses in the pancreas of normal rabbits 

 during a considerable part of their postnatal life. During starvation, however, 

 the mitoses disappeared from all except one rabbit 20 days old, in which they 

 were rare. On refeeding after inanition, the mitoses became abundant in the 

 pancreas, 4 or more being visible in a single field. In starved pigeons, Morpurgo 

 ('89b) found the pancreas cells reduced from an average of 11.34 X 8.54/x to 

 8.73 X 6.74M, which would correspond to a loss of 52 per cent in volume. 

 The decrease was chiefly at the expense of the inner granular zone of the cyto- 

 plasm, the nucleus being practically unchanged in size (average diameter. of 

 3.91M in the normal, and 3.90^ in the starved pigeons). 



Nicolaides ('89) obtained in fasting dogs changes in the pancreas cells differ- 

 ing from Ogata's results on cold-blooded animals. Certain intranuclear 

 eosinophilic plasmosomes persist during 24 hours of fasting, while other extra- 

 nuclear red or violet (hematoxylin) stained bodies disappear during this period. 



In fasting Salamandra maculata, Miiller ('90) found a numerical increase in 

 the pancreatic paranuclei, and certain changes in the filamentous and granular 

 cytoplasmic zones; but no change in the nucleus, aside from an increase in 

 chromatin. 



Statkewitsch ('94) studied the structural changes in the pancreas and other 

 organs in various animals (cat, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, pigeon, lizard, turtle, 

 frog) fasting for various periods, with or without water. Flemming's fluid, 

 mercuric chloride, Midler's fluid or alcohol were used as fixatives, with various 

 stains. He concluded: "Das Endresultat der Veranderungen von Seiten der 



