EFFECTS ON THE PANCREAS AND SALWARY GLANDS 357 



In Chapter XIII were mentioned the observations of Manassein ('69) 

 on the " Harderian gland," which may possibly refer to the infraorbital salivary 

 gland, in the fasting rabbit. 



Ohlmuller ('82) and Voit ('94) observed a loss of about 39 per cent in the 

 weight of the salivary glands in a fasting young dog, with loss of 32 per cent in 

 body weight. 



Morpurgo f 88, '89, '89a) found no mitoses in the parenchyma of the parotid 

 and submaxillary glands in fasting rabbits of various ages, although mitoses 

 appeared both in normal controls and in rabbits amply refed after a period of 

 inanition. In a subsequent study, Morpurgo ('90), refed 4 rabbits, 6-18 

 months old, for 4 or 5 days after total inanition 6-10 days. Mitoses were 

 found in variable numbers in the submaxillary glands (though not in the con- 

 trols). None were found in the parotid gland. 



Seidenmann ('93) incidentally noted relatively few crescent cells in the 

 orbital and submaxillary glands of dogs in a fasting condition (time not 

 stated). 



Statkewitsch ('94) studied the changes in the salivary glands of various 

 animals, especially the cat, dog, rabbit and guinea pig, fasting for various periods 

 (up to death), either with or without water. The parotid gland showed marked 

 changes, the diameter of the lobules being reduced one-fourth to one-half by 

 atrophy of the epithelial cells. The nuclei decrease but slightly in size. In 

 the earliest periods, the cells appear to swell slightly, with cloudy cytoplasm and 

 obscure granulation. With progressive inanition the granules become more 

 distinct. In later stages the cells appear in various stages of degeneration, 

 with coarse albuminous granules. Occasionally fatty degeneration was observed 

 in a few lobules, with osmic-staining droplets of various sizes. The fatty 

 degeneration appeared most frequent in the guinea pig and cat (especially 

 those on total inanition), more rarely in the dog, and not at all in the rabbit. 

 In the cat, some lobules appeared to undergo mucous degeneration, intermingled 

 in later stages with fatty degeneration. The nuclei of the parotid cells in 

 general become more irregular in outline, and may become pycnotic (sometimes 

 vacuolated) in the degenerated cells. The epithelium of the parotid ducts 

 likewise undergoes atrophic degeneration, and occasionally desquamation. 

 The peripheral rodded cytoplasm becomes granular, later frequently showing 

 fatty degeneration. 



In the submaxillary gland, Statkewitsch similarly found decreased size of 

 the lobules due to atrophy of the gland cells, which appeared alike in those 

 fasting with or without water. The crescents of Gianuzzi decrease progres- 

 sively in size and number, becoming rare toward the end of inanition. The 

 crescent and serous cells may show granular, but never fatty, degeneration. 

 In the mucous cells, in the second half of inanition, fatty granules and droplets 

 appear and increase in size and number. They may represent a metamorphosis 

 of mucinogen granules into fat, but fat droplets are rare in the saliva. The 

 nuclear changes occur as in the parotid, especially in the mucous cells. The 

 submaxillary duct epithelium shows cloudy swelling in the earlier stages; later 

 the rodded cytoplasm shows granular, but rarely fatty, degeneration. 



