358 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



Nikolaides ('99), in opposition to Statkewitsch, observed that in dogs fasting 

 2-30 days numerous fatty granules appear in the cells of the demilunes of 

 Gianuzzi in the submaxillary glands, although only vacuoles were found in the 

 cell of dogs dying from inanition. Since these fat granules occurred only in 

 the demilune cells, Nikolaides thought they represent a metamorphosis of 

 the protein granules in loco, rather than a fatty infiltration from other 

 sources. 



Noll ('02, '02a) found the crescent (demilune) cells of Gianuzzi in dogs fasting 

 11 days or more, on water only, but the normal granular structure of the cells 

 appears replaced by vacuoles which he interpreted as secretion droplets. 



Traina ('04) made a careful study of the fat in the various tissues, using 

 scarlet red and other fat stains. He found that a variable number of lipoidal 

 granules appears normally in the epithelium of the salivary glands of the rabbit. 

 These granules are not affected by starvation, although the ordinary connective 

 tissue fat disappears. The atrophy of the gland cells during inanition affects 

 chiefly the cytoplasm, the nucleus remaining nearly unchanged. 



Pugliese ('05, '05a) in fasting dogs (time not stated) found the parotid 

 gland tubules very small, with indistinct cell boundaries, and the cytoplasm 

 reduced to a thin layer. No fatty degeneration was found (versus Statke- 

 witsch). The nucleus usually remained rounded, with a distinct nucleolus. 

 After 1 day of refeeding, the cells appeared larger, with more definite outlines; 

 and in 4 days nearly normal size and structure had been regained. In the 

 submaxillary gland during inanition the gland cells showed similar atrophy 

 (no fatty degeneration). The nucleus, however, here, as normally, is usually 

 flattened and peripherally placed. The crescents (demilunes) of Gianuzzi 

 appeared smaller and less numerous. Recuperative changes were apparent after 

 1 day of refeeding, and by 4 days apparently normal conditions were 

 restored. 



In the submaxillary gland of starved dogs, Morgulis, Howe and Hawk ('15) 

 found the cytoplasm "thin" and generally unstained. Many cells appeared 

 without nuclei. The crescent (demilune) cells stained darkly. The general 

 appearance was that of a resting gland. 



Some of the atrophic changes produced in the submaxillary gland of the 

 adult albino rat by acute inanition (water only) are evident by a comparison of 

 Figs. 92 and 93. The ducts appear to undergo relatively less atrophy than the 

 acini, and therefore become relatively more prominent. 



Hibernation. — Calabresi ('19) studied the parotid, submaxillary and retro- 

 lingual glands of the hibernating hedgehog, with special reference to the mito- 

 chondria and related structures. He found that the mitochondria, which are 

 filamentous in the active gland, become during hibernation curved, irregular and 

 sometimes fragmented. They also undergo certain changes in position. No 

 evidence was found to support the theory of a transformation of the mitochon- 

 dria into secretory granules. There is, however, during hibernation an 

 accumulation in the inner cell zone of granular material probably representing 

 early stages of secretory granules. 



