EFFECTS ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 367 



(B) Effects of Partial Inanition 



The effects of partial inanition include deficiencies of protein (malnutri- 

 tional edema, pellagra,, etc.), of salts (rickets), of vitamins (A, B and C) and of 

 water. 



In "cachexia aquosa" of sheep, Frohner and Zwick ('15) mentioned the 

 lungs as puffed and whitish. 



In human malnutritional edema, Hiilse ('17) found the lungs at autopsy 

 "haufig klein, stark retrahirt, anamisch, schlaff, an den Randern vielfach 

 atelektatisch." Schittenhelm and Schlecht ('18) observed in the lungs "meist 

 Oedem, Bronchitis and bronchopneumonische Herde." Enright ('20) noted 

 marked reduction in the size and weight of the lungs and other organs. 



In pellagra, Tuczek ('93) noted atrophy and fatty degeneration of the 

 lungs and other organs. Marie ('08, '10) found atrophy of the lungs and other 

 organs (especially those supplied by the vagus). Nicholls ('12) found an 

 average lung weight of 9^ ounces (the normal being 13JH2 ounces) in 8 African 

 pellagrins. Raubitschek ('15) stated that the pulmonary lesions in pellagra 

 frequently include edema, hyperemia, emphysema, and chronic adhesive 

 pleurisy. Harris ('19) reviewed the pathology of pellagra, including marked 

 alterations in the lungs. 



In human rickets, Seibold (1827) found the lungs adherent to the pleura, 

 or collapsed, often purulent. Cheadle and Poynton ('07) mentioned the lungs 

 among the organs affected by rickets. Wohlauer ('11) pointed out that respira- 

 tion may be greatly impeded by the thoracic deformity in rickets, resulting in 

 dyspnea, bronchitis and catarrhal pneumonia. 



Jackson and Carleton ('22, '23) found no regular or important changes in 

 weight of the lungs in albino rats at various stages of experimental rickets 

 (Table 11). 



Daniels, Armstrong and Hutton ('23) observed that in rats diets deficient 

 in vitamin A weaken the immunity of the organism, with resultant infection 

 of the respiratory tract, involving "snuffles" and (in young rats) pus forma- 

 tion in the paranasal sinuses and mastoid cells. Similarly Beach ('23) found a 

 nasal discharge, as well as pustules in the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, in 

 chicks with ophthalmia on diets deficient in vitamin A. 



In human beriberi, Ellis ('98) observed edema (usually slight) of the lungs 

 78 times in 125 cases. Duerck ('08) gave data showing exceedingly variable 

 weight of the lungs in 11 cases of beriberi and ('08a) stated that the lungs are 

 usually edematous. Strong and Crowell ('12) noted congestion and edema of 

 the lungs in a case of adult beriberi. Andrews ('12) likewise found extensive 

 hypostatic congestion and a variable amount of edema at 18 necropsies in cases 

 of infantile beriberi. McCarrison ('21) cites various observations indicating 

 that pulmonary edema is very frequent in human beriberi, whereas it appears 

 rare in experimental beriberi of birds. Similarly, Nagayo ('23) mentions the 

 enlargement and general passive congestion of the lungs as a feature distinguish- 

 ing human beriberi from experimental polyneuritis. 



