376 INANITION AND MALNUTRITION 



during hibernation and short fasting periods, which will be grouped together 

 at the end of this section. 



In starved dogs and rabbits, Collard de Martigny (1828) found the kidney 

 tissue firm and anemic in appearance; the mucosa of the urinary bladder also 

 pale. 



Chossat ('43) estimated an average loss of 31.9 per cent in the weight of 

 the kidneys in pigeons on total inanition with loss of about 40 per cent in body 

 weight. 



Heumann ('50) is said to have noted "granular degeneration" in the kidneys 

 and liver of starved pigeons. 



Bidder and Schmidt ('52) in a starved cat with loss of about 50 per cent in 

 body weight found (in comparison with a control) an apparent loss of only 6.2 

 per cent in the kidneys; while the urinary bladder apparently increased from 

 2.50 to 5.36 g. in weight. Voit ('66), however, found an apparent loss of 

 25.9 per cent in the kidneys of a starved cat with ^^ per cent loss in body weight. 



In 47 adult starved rabbits with average loss of 39 per cent in body weight, 

 Manassein ('68, '69) noted an apparent loss of 23 per cent in average weight of 

 the kidneys. In 8 younger rabbits (3% months old) with loss of about ^t, per 

 cent in body weight, the apparent loss in kidney weight was 39 per cent. In 

 3 rabbits 23-25 days old, however, with loss of about 35 per cent in body 

 weight, the kidneys apparently gained 13 per cent in weight. Two starved cats 

 showed an apparent average loss of 47 per cent in kidney weight, while in 2 

 crows the loss was only 19 per cent. In 5 rabbits amply refed after a period 

 of inanition, the kidneys appeared 4 per cent above normal in weight. 



Manassein found constant albuminuria in the starving rabbits. The 

 kidney tubules showed all stages of degeneration from cloudy swelling to com- 

 plete disintegration. Some tubules were collapsed, others filled with fat drop- 

 lets. The Malpighian corpuscles were frequently hyperemic. These changes 

 were sometimes found persistent even in the rabbits refed after inanition. 



In the urinary bladder, Manassein found a remarkable increase in average 

 weight during inanition. In the 47 adult rabbits (body loss 39 per cent), the 

 bladder gained 45 per cent; in the 8 rabbits 3% months old (body loss 33 per 

 cent) the bladder gained 126 per cent; in the 3 rabbits 23-25 days old (body 

 loss 35 per cent), the bladder gained 83 per cent; in the 5 rabbits refed after 

 inanition, the bladder appeared 56 per cent above normal. In 2 starved cats, 

 the bladder weight appeared unchanged. 



In various starved animals (mammals and birds), Bourgeois ('70) noted 

 that the kidneys were pale, with average loss of 37 per cent in weight, or rela- 

 tively slightly less than that of the whole body. The urinary bladder was 

 contracted. Lepine ('74) stated that the kidneys of starved animals are often 

 found normal. Carville and Bochefontaine ('75) found the kidneys very small 

 in a starved dog; and Luciani and Bufalini ('82) found them atrophic, hard 

 and fibrous. Falck ('75) in starved dogs of various ages found the kidneys 

 firm and usually brownish in color, with atrophic adipose capsules. The 

 urinary bladder appeared white; the mucosa wrinkled, with no lesions. The 

 urethra was normal. 



